XVI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2024

Geographical description. Yorkshire is a historic county in Northern England, not only the largest but also the most English of all English counties, from the rolling hills, meadows and flowering gardens of the locals to the peaceful, classic English surroundings. Many of those born and bred in Yorkshire gloatingly scoff at the prejudices of southerners, taking a stance just like Texans and Australians who believe that anything that happens outside their own borders should be disregarded altogether. Yorkshire was formerly divided into three counties, or "Riding" (North, East and West), meaning "three parts" in Old Scandinavian, which roughly corresponds to the modern division into North, East and West Yorkshire, plus South Yorkshire.Traditionally, there has been more than one dialect in Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Dialect Society draws a boundary between two main areas roughly at the River Wharfe. The area to the south-west of the river is more influenced by the Mersey dialect, while the north-east is more influenced by the Northumbrian dialect. The distinction was endorsed by Joseph Wright, founder of the Yorkshire Dialect Society and author of the Dictionary of the English Dialect.

Over time, speech became closer to Standard English, and some of the features that once distinguished one town from another disappeared. In 1945, J. A. Sheard predicted that the various influences were "likely to produce a standard West Riding dialect", and C. M. Pettit found in 1985 that "such a situation is very near to existing". However, the accent of Hull and East Yorkshire remains markedly different. The accent of the Middlesbrough area bears some resemblance to Geordie.

The history of the origin and development of the Yorkshire dialect is inextricably linked to the historical events that took place in the county of Yorkshire at different periods of time. The formation of the dialect has been influenced to a greater or lesser extent by linguistic contacts, as well as by political, cultural and economic relations between the peoples who lived in the county at various times in its history. The oldest pre-Germanic place-names, indicating the language of the peoples who lived in the county, include topographical designations of Celtic origin, most of which occur in the Celtic area of the West Riding, which retained its independence for a long time, and place-names from the time of Roman rule. By the time of the Norman Conquest, the foundation of the Yorkshire dialects had already been laid; they were a mixture of the northern (Northumbrian) dialect of English, a continuation of the Anglian tribal dialect, and closely related Scandinavian dialects.The Scandinavian influence, due to the long period of Anglo-Scandinavian cohabitation in the county, was reflected in various spheres of society. The division of Yorkshire into "ridings" and "terdinges" (administrative districts) is linked to Scandinavian influence. These were subdivided into 'wepenteks' - smaller ones into laird districts. The division of Yorkshire into ridings and Wepenteks was the result of the Scandinavians transferring the system of administration and government that existed in Scandinavia to the land of England. Traces of Scandinavian influence can be traced in the names of streets in York, which, as in other cities in the area of Danish law, are called gate - from dsk. gata - road, instead of street: Stone gate, Coney Gate, Goodram gate.

After the rise of the London dialect and the gradual spread of the literary language, which led to the transition of the territorial dialects to the position of oral colloquialisms, the flowering of literature in the Yorkshire dialect is noted in the 19th century, when the Yorkshire dialect (especially in the West Riding) becomes a means of literary communication of a wide range of people. A new type of author, the 'working poet', and new works of poetry and prose appear.The deep inter-dialectal contacts and interactions caused by the migration of rural populations from all parts of Britain in connection with the industrialisation of Yorkshire in the 18th and 19th centuries created conditions for the smoothing out of parochial linguistic peculiarities. In the modern era, with the change in public attitudes to the notion of "normalised speech", when language begins to be seen as a unity of supradialect and substandard forms, and the increasing prestige of regional language forms at the local, local level, various aspects of the modern cultural-linguistic situation are manifested, affecting various aspects of life in Yorkshire (political, socio-cultural, etc.) For example, in political terms, support for English regionalisation is linked to the idea of creating a regional elected government.In linguistic terms, it is worth noting the special attention that Yorkshire people, in particular members of the Yorkshire Dialectological Society, pay to linguistic peculiarities, actively and in every possible way supporting and encouraging interest in the Yorkshire dialect. As A. Kellet notes in the preface to the Dictionary of Yorkshire Dialect, Tradition and Folklore, standardisation threatens to turn us into "international nothingness". He calls for the preservation and support of local regional speech and cultural traditions: "...let us encourage the best kind of regionalism, with its distinctive speech, tradition and folklore. In the UK this means taking a pride in being Scots, Welsh, Irish, Manx, Cornish or whatever - and, in this case, in being Yorkshire".

Let's take a closer look at the distinctive features of the Yorkshire dialect of English. The phonetic features of this dialect have features typical of northern dialects of Great Britain.

I Vowels

1. One of the phonetic features is the replacement of the sound [a:] in words like last [lɑːst], fast [fɑːst], bath [bɑːθ], laugh [lɑːf] with the sound [æ]: [læst], [fæst], [bæθ], [læf].

The South of Great Britain: [bæθ];

The North of Great Britain: [bɑːθ].

e.g.

- This is my last [læst], till they come downstairs.

- Not much, but it passed [pæst] the time.

- Those go back, but the dessert service and all the glasses [ˈɡlæsɪz].

2. The sound [əʊ] at the end of a word is extended to [ε:]. Examples of such words are go [gəʊ] - [gε:], know [nəʊ] - [nε:], vote [vəʊt] - [vε:t], etc.

e.g.

- The first course is ready to go [gε:] up...and I’ll make a béchamel for the cauli-flower.

- He's a grown [grε:n] man. I suppose he can lift a meat pie.

- I can't go [gε:]in the dining room!

3. In expressions with the words up [ʌp], done [dʌn], but [bʌt], the sound [ʊ] is pronounced: [ʊp], [dʊn], [bʊt].

e.g.

- Will you stop talking and take this kedgeree up [ʊp]?

- The soufflé mix is done [dʊn] for the savoury.

4. Pronunciation of words ending in the [i] sound as in the word nasty, pronounced [eh] as nasteh.

II Consonants

1. The [h] sound in the initial position is often omitted. If in normative English the words had, her, hate are pronounced as [hæd], [hɜː], [heɪt], in Yorkshire dialect they are pronounced as [æd], [ɜː], [eɪt].

e.g.

- If I’d ‘ad (had -[æd]) a teacher like ‘er (her -[ɜː]) when I were at school, things might have turned out very different.

2. pronunciation of the consonant [r] after a vowel and deafening of voiced consonants (b, d, g, etc.) before deaf pairs (p, t, k).

e.g.: red → ret, pig → pick.

3. Also, one of the characteristic features of the Yorkshire dialect is the truncated form of the definite article reduction (DAR). The study of this phonetic phenomenon is often covered in the scientific works of Yorkshire linguists. The graphical representation of the forms of the Yorkshire definite article is represented as: the, th, t'. Studies by dialectologists have shown that the guttural bow is considered the most frequent form of use, followed by the aspirated [t'], less frequently [t]. At present, linguists (P. Cooper, D. Fine) argue that in Yorkshire dialect the omission of the definite article is characteristic.

e.g.: They'll be back from the [t’]station at any moment.

I would like to conclude that the accent that has been discussed today plays a major role in English. It preserves the traditions and great history of its country, and it adds its own peculiarities to the language, making it unique and pleasant to listen to, unlike many other accents.

Список литературы

1. [Электронный ресурс]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect (дата обращения 21.01.24)

2. [Электронный ресурс]. https://journals.susu.ru/lcc/article/view/589/659 (дата обращения 21.01.24)

3. [Электронный ресурс]. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/regionalnoe-i-normativnoe-v-rechi-sovremennyh-britantsev-na-materiale-severnyh-aktsentov/viewer (дата обращения 21.01.24)

4. Wells J. C. Accents of English (Cambridge University Press, 1982). – 669 p. [Электронныйресурс].https://archive.org/details/accentsofenglish0000well/mode/2up

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