XV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2023

In the modern world, the existence of an independent state is unthinkable without an army. Despite the rapid changes in all spheres of interstate relations, the fundamental characteristics of the army remain unchanged – hierarchy, recruitment principles, degree of combat capability and combat readiness, subordination, regulated communication. However, the closeness of the army, secrecy and limited accessibility do not exclude the possibility of updating military terminology in the course of scientific and technological development not only at the expense of internal resources, but also at the expense of vocabulary accompanying the development of human achievements outside the army, reflecting the linguistic and cultural situation characteristic of a particular era. The development and formation of military vocabulary is also closely connected with the development of forms of social life.

Discussing the problem of terms, the most important distinguishing features that can be distinguished is: correlation not with a separate subject, but with a concept; the need for definition; the formation of individual concepts peculiar to individual scientists; correlation of the meaning of a term with the meanings of other terms within the corresponding terminological system; correlation with a certain professional activity, etc. [1] The main qualities of an ideal term can be considered definitiveness, unambiguity, nominativeness, consistency, as well as stylistic and emotional-expressive neutrality. [1] To this can be added the absence of terms of modal and stylistic function, synonyms and homonyms within the same term system, indifference to context, conventionality, etc. [2]. The most important feature that distinguishes the term from other words is its unambiguity. However, in reality, terms may not have these qualities.

Military vocabulary implies all words and combinations denoting military concepts, i.e. concepts directly related to the armed forces, military affairs, war, etc. In addition, the military vocabulary should include scientific and technical terms used in connection with military concepts (for example, track "caterpillar of a tank or any combat vehicle, tracked" [3]).

Military vocabulary may include words and combinations that, although they do not denote military concepts proper, are used almost exclusively in the military environment, and are little known or completely unknown in general use (for example, behavior report "letter (soldier) home"), as well as some foreign borrowings, various jargonisms, etc. Thus, military vocabulary includes both words and combinations expressing specific military concepts, as well as words and combinations used primarily in the armed forces.

The process of a new term formation, in particular a military one, is inextricably linked with the transfer of meaning, that is, metonymy or metaphor. This report is devoted to the study of the functioning of metonymy in term formation.

Metonymy is a kind of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is designated by the substituted word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense [4]. The cognitive direction studying metonymy emphasizes the fact that metonymic term formation follows certain models, forming a system. [2].

Metonymy creates a kind of cognitive vector for extracting and converting more capacious information through the received sign. Thus, the term formed through metonymic models synthesizes the accumulated knowledge of a certain period of time and cultural heritage. Being adapted and fixed in dictionaries, such a term does not cease to develop. The meaning of the term may originate from the meaning of the ordinary understanding of the word, but often acquires a completely different lexical meaning. For example, the word "intelligence" was borrowed into the Russian language in the meaning of "intelligentsia" in the first half of the XIX century, although in bourgeois England the intelligentsia did not establish itself as a layer, the new meaning of the word enriched the English language, retaining the meaning of "mind, intelligence". In professional military terminology, the word "intelligence" entered as "intelligence and intelligence data".

The term "staff" is a native English word. Originally it meant "the flagstaff of the regiment". Later, by means of metonymic transfer, this word began to mean "the personnel of officers", that is, people belonging to a certain unit, the distinctive sign of which is a particular flag.

The term "armor" meant first armor, and then armored troops. A similar case is observed with other terms, such as:

marines = 1. US Marine Corps; 2. US Marine Regiment (for example - 8th Marines)

commando = 1. commando troops; 2. commando troops soldier

ordnance = 1. ammunition; 2. general category of weapons, ammunition, other military equipment

The Subject-Process relationship plays an essential role in the formation of new military terms. This is primarily due to the importance of the subject in action, that is, how it manifests itself in the process and in time. Here are some examples.

The terms "fortification" and "fortification" meant "fortification for the purpose of defense" (i.e. the subject, for example: "hedgehog"), and then the meaning became "terrain engineering equipment". The situation looks similar with the following examples:

Armament - 1. Weapons mounted on a combat vehicle (tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), aircraft, ship, submarine, etc. 2. A set of weapons of a certain unit (unit) or type of troops. 3. The process of equipping a unit (unit) with weapons, military equipment and other military-technical means.

Metonymy contributes to the creation of such a sign, the existence of which is possible due to stable, consistent connections between primary objects, phenomena and processes, and those subsequent objects, phenomena and processes to which the name was transferred, including in the process of term formation in the military sphere.

REFERENCES

Самохина А. А. Сравнение частотности употребления стилистически маркированных и стилистически нейтральных терминов в художественном тексте. // Известия РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена. 2011. №131. С.205-213.

Рябов А. Г. Перенос значения в терминообразовании: на материале английской военной терминологии : диссертация Орехово-Зуево, 2010.- 180 с.

Судзиловский Г. А. Англо-русский военный словарь. - М.: Русский язык, 1968. - 876с.

Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М. 1990, с. 509