XV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2023

The main stages of programming as a science:

Stage 1 - "Spontaneous" programming (until the mid–60s of the XX century)

Stage 2 - Structural approach to programming (60–70-ies of XX century)

Stage 3 - Modular programming (70–80-ies of XX century)

Stage 4 - Object approach to programming (from the mid–80s to the late 90s)

Stage 5 - Component approach (from the mid–90s of the XX century to the present time)

The object approach

Among modern programming technologies, there are: object-oriented programming and component programming.

OOP (object-oriented programming) is a programming method based on the representation of a program as a collection of objects, each of which is an instance of a certain class. Each object has properties, actions, and relationships between objects. Properties - define the characteristics or possible states of objects. Actions are operations that can be performed by or on an object. Relationships show which types of relationships exist between objects of different classes.

A little history about the OOP

The creators of the object-oriented method when writing programs are Norwegians Ole Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygort, who created the Simula - programming language. In 1952 Nygort started modeling large systems of real reality. In 1957, he had the opportunity to implement his ideas, but he quickly realized that machine languages are very limited in capabilities. So he started developing a new programming language to implement his ideas. In 1967, he completed his project to create a language called Simula 67. Simula 67 included most of the concepts of object-oriented programming: classes and objects, subclasses (inheritance), virtual functions and secure references.

Pluses of OOP

Object-oriented programming has many advantages, and that is why most modern programmers use this approach:

- Visually, the code becomes simpler and easier to read. When everything is divided into objects and they have a clear set of rules, you can immediately understand what each object is responsible for and what it consists of.

- Less than the same code. If in normal programming one function counts repeated characters in a one—dimensional array, and the other in a two-dimensional one, then most of their code will be the same. In OOP, this is solved by inheritance.

- Complex programs are written easier. Each large program can be decomposed into several blocks, make them minimal filling, and then fill each block in detail over and over again.

Minuses of OOP

And now about the disadvantages:

- It is difficult to understand and start working. The OOP approach is much more complicated than conventional procedural programming — you need to know a lot of theory before even one line of code is written.

- Requires more memory. Objects in OOP consist of data, interfaces, methods, and much more, and this takes up much more memory than a simple variable.

The history of сomponent-oriented programming

The component-oriented approach appeared in 1987, when Niklaus Wirth proposed a block writing pattern for the Oberon language. This pattern was formed when studying the problem of "fragile" base classes that arise when constructing a three-dimensional hierarchy of classes. The pattern was that the component is compiled separately from the others, and at the execution stage — the necessary components are connected dynamically.

In 1989, Bertrand Meyer proposed the idea of a single interaction between the called and the calling components. This idea was embodied in the form of ready-made solutions: CORBA, COM, SOAP. Subsequently, support from the language was implemented in the "Component Pascal".

The situation with the introduction of a component-oriented approach, as a limitation for existing programming paradigms, is similar to the appearance of structured programming, which limited disordered control transitions using the "GOTO" operator.

Component approach

Component-oriented programming (COP)is building a program from components - physically separate parts, the interaction of which occurs through binary interfaces.

The distinctive features of COP should include:

Clearly expressed focus on modules. The module is the main structural unit. It turns out that concepts such as class, namespace are poorly thought out constructs.

Separate compilation of modules. This leads to savings of computing and time resources, generally gives flexibility to the entire system, the same code remains in one place.

Strict typing, both inside the module and between modules. Increases the reliable operation of components as a whole by hiding those parts that should not participate in intermodule interaction.

Список использованных источников:

https://studopedia.ru/1_84330_osnovnie-etapi-razvitiya-tehnologii-programmirovaniya.html

https://thecode.media/objective/

kristennygaard.org/FORSKNINGSDOK_MAPPE/F_OO_start.html

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Объектно-ориентированное_программирование

https://php.zone/post/dlya-chego-pridumali-oop

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Компонентно-ориентированное_программирование

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