XIV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2022

The progress of radio electronics is accompanied by the rapid development of the theory and technology of microwave devices. The complexity of the microwave paths increases, the requirements for the electrical characteristics and the quality of the microwave nodes increase.

The most common elements of microwave devices include transmission line segments, transition and docking nodes, matching elements, couplers and power absorbers, filters, phase shifters, etc. A set of microwave devices interconnected in a certain way is called a microwave path.

In a radio system, the path usually occupies a place between the antenna and the radio transmitting and receiving devices. The path carries out the sewerage of electromagnetic energy, ensures the correct mode of the output and input circuits of the transmitter and receiver, performs preliminary frequency filtering of signals.

Microwave paths are widely used in radar and other radio equipment, various measuring equipment. In addition to radar applications, waveguides are used in communication, television and navigation equipment, are used to measure and control parameters of various environments, control technological processes, to protect territories and objects.

The range of industrial applications of ultrahigh frequency technology is expanding, such as microwave heating and drying of products, contactless power transmission. Waveguide technology is increasingly being introduced into scientific research in the fields of radio spectroscopy, atomic physics (in particle accelerators), radio astronomy, medicine and biology.

Historically, the formation and development of microwave devices technology was mainly dictated by the need to increase the number of radio communication channels with increasing requirements for the bandwidth of one channel (from telegraph to radio broadcasting, then to television, radar and radio relay communication lines). Although the first considerations about the theoretical possibilities of transmitting electromagnetic waves through metal pipes were expressed in the last century (J. J. Thomson, 1893, Rayleigh, .1897), practical devices for waveguide transmission of electromagnetic oscillations were created only in the 30-40s of the XX century, when effective sources of continuous oscillations of the decimeter and centimeter wave ranges appeared.

Further development of microwave devices technology was associated with the origin of radar in the 40-50s. Since then, there has been a rapid growth of theoretical and experimental research in the field of microwave devices. This growth, on the one hand, is associated with the modernization and use of previously known devices (transmission lines, matching elements, power dividers, etc.) at increasingly higher frequencies — up to submillimeter waves and infrared radiation. On the other hand, a number of new devices are being created based on the achievements of solid state physics and advanced technology - these are semiconductor and ferrite microwave control devices, microstrip transmission lines and microwave integrated circuits. On this path, we can expect especially great success if new synthetic dielectrics are created that have a high dielectric constant with very low high-frequency losses.

Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the theory of waveguides. Theoretical questions of excitation of waveguides were developed in the 40-50s by A. L. Drabkin, I. I. Volman, G. V. Kisunko, G. T. Markov and E. M. Studenkov. Soviet scientists also created the theory of non-reciprocal microwave devices with ferrites (A. L. Mikaelyan, A. G. Gurevich, V. V. Nikolsky), the theory of semiconductor switching and phasing devices (B. V. Sestroretsky) and the theory of synthesis of filters and directional eight-pole microwave (A. L. Feldstein, A.M. Model).

Intensive development of microwave technology continues now. There is a continuous expansion of the range of nodes and elements used based on new physical principles and technology, and there is also an improvement in the calculations of already known devices by using a more rigorous approach in combination with computer capabilities.

Despite the variety of microwave devices and their elements used, the basis for the construction of any microwave paths is a fairly general and unified theory of microwave circuits. This theory is based on the matrix apparatus of linear algebra, the theory of functions of a complex variable and some other branches of mathematics and is currently focused on the predominant use of computers as the main tool for calculation and design.

References:

1. Microwave devices: Textbook / Edited by D. M. Sazonov. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 295 p.: ill.

2. Pimenov, Yu. V. Volman, V. I. Muravtsov, A.D. Technical Electrodynamics / Yu. V. Pimenov, V. I. Volman, A.D. Muravtsov; edited by Yu. V. Pimenov: Textbook. Manual for universities. - M.: Radio and Communications, 2000. - 536 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-256-01287-8

3. Lebedev, I. V. Technique and microwave devices / I. V. Lebedev; ed. academician N. D. Devyatkova. - M.: Higher School, 1970. - 440 p.: il