XIV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2022

Diabetes mellitus is a pathology belonging to the group of endocrine pathologies. It appears due to the fact that the processes of glucose digestion are disturbed. There is a lack of insulin, the hormone responsible for its processing, and consequently, because of this develops a disorder. The patient is disorganized in all types of metabolism: water-salt, carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral. The disease has a chronic course. Diabetes mellitus belongs to the widespread diseases, it occurs in almost 6% of the world population. From 1980 to 2014, the number of people who suffer from diabetes increased by 314 million. The prevalence of diabetes is rising faster in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2019, it is estimated that diabetes was the direct cause of 1.5 million deaths.

There are two types of this disease, type one and type two. The first type is considered more dangerous because patients are prone to insulin dependence. For this throughout life, people are forced to give themselves injections under the skin, in the form of injections or a special machine pump. The second type is considered to be more loyal, because patients have to stick to a strict diet and regularly take pills prescribed by the doctor. Sugar levels in the second type fluctuate much less than in the first type. And mostly, only the older generation is affected by the second type.

Causes of diabetes

The causes of the disease in patients is absolutely different, but never and no one can give you an exact judgment about why you have diabetes. The first type of disease is detected in people under the age of thirty. Impaired insulin production occurs when the pancreas is affected by autoimmune genesis. It is caused by destruction of insulin-producing ß-cells.

In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection. Most often epidemic parotitis, measles rubella, viral hepatitis. Another pathological condition can develop after toxic effects on the body of the following substances: nitrosamine, pesticides, some medicines.

These substances contribute to the violation of the immune response and the emergence of autoimmune reactions. Exposure of altered immune cells to pancreatic islets of Langerhans causes their death. As a result, insulin production is reduced. This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.

In the second type of the disease, all cells become insensitive to insulin. The level of insulin in the plasma is normal or elevated, but the cells do not perceive it at all. Such patients prevail in our world. Glucose tolerance occurs due to the following reasons:

1.Genetic predisposition. Such patients have relatives with diabetes. If they suffer from it in both parents, the probability of inheriting a predisposition to it increases by up to 70%.

2.Obesity.

3.Irrational nutrition.

4. Cardiovascular pathology.

5.Chronic stress.

6.Taking certain medications.

7.Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus: unquenchable thirst, increased frequency of urination, which leads to dehydration, dry mouth, increased fatigue, general weakness, slow healing of minor skin injuries, vomiting, constant nausea, increased respiration, palpitations, itching of the skin, rapid weight loss, decreased visual acuity.

I myself have had type 1 diabetes since childhood, and in eighteen years I have heard the most ridiculous things. Misconceptions include that this disease can be cured, it is not for life, that diabetes occurs because a person has had too much sugar, that this disease is contagious and much more.

As a child, I remember the phrase of my endocrinologist: "Diabetes is a way of life. At that time I didn't realize the whole meaning of this statement, but now I understand that if a person carefully and competently watching his life, you can not even notice the disease, like diabetes.

The most important rule is the strict control of blood sugar levels. On average, a sick person needs to do this 10-12 times a day. If the index is high, a certain dose of insulin should be injected. If the blood sugar level is low, you should immediately eat so-called fast carbohydrates (juice, sugar, honey, jam). The generally accepted norm is 5.0-6.0 mmol.

The second rule for a diabetic is a balanced diet. Many people think that it is necessary to follow very strict and rigid diets, but this is not the case. You can eat almost all foods with the exception of semolina, bananas, watermelons, alcohol and other components that contain fast carbohydrates. It is also important to talk about special "diabetic foods" that are often found in health food stores. First, they are often more expensive and contain more energy than similar "normal" foods. Second, many people find their taste unappealing, Third, children may consider themselves different from others if they are not allowed to eat the same foods that their friends eat.

The third rule is sports. It is important to consider that exercise does not improve diabetes control, so it is not considered a cure for diabetes. But often sports activities help to improve the course of the disease, as well as get rid of some complications, such as obesity and hypertension. The load in any case should not be large, otherwise it will affect blood sugar levels. Preferable sports are: swimming, equestrian sports, dancing.

It is also important to exercise self-monitoring. At the slightest changes in the body, you should immediately go to the doctor. Because diabetes, unfortunately, has a wide range of consequences and complications.

The main risks include: atherosclerosis; heart, kidney, vascular disease; retinopathy; neuropathy; diabetic foot syndrome; abscess and phlegmon.

But do not forget that all of this can be avoided with benign control of the course of diabetes.

Unfortunately, such a virus as covid-19 is currently growing at a great rate. And to this day we can say that the most susceptible to death are people of retirement age and people with chronic diseases, just which includes diabetes. Therefore, it is extremely important to take all safety precautions in this environment.

Returning to the good news, it is important to mention that medicine does not stand still. In addition to gastric transplants, there is a new system called the "Closed Loop". It is a kind of program that is installed on any phone and pump. Its advantages are that it will be much easier for people to control their blood sugar using a smartphone, and the system is automatically programmed to keep the blood sugar from rising above 8.0, by instantly injecting insulin into the body. Thus, it is a very convenient and useful program, which has not yet been legalized in our world, as it requires small modifications.

In conclusion, we can say that diabetes is around 24 hours a day. So it is important to find a way to make friends with it, at least not to see it as an enemy. If you allow yourself to hate your disease, it will be difficult to spend your life in a way that is not negatively affected by it. If insulin shots become something you do every day without thinking about it, like brushing your teeth in the morning, and something you absolutely didn't want to live without, then you've come a long way towards accepting diabetes.

Списоклитературы :

Рагнар Ханас. Диабет 1 типа у детей, подростков и молодых людей. Издательство Арт-Бизнес-Центр, г.Москва

https://zdorovie-vn.ru/zabolevaniya/saxarnyij-diabet - все о сахарном диабете

Т.Загоровская "Сладкая жизнь. Советы психолога, как счастливо жить с сахарным диабетом"

В.Губанов «7 мощных психотехнологий для приведения себя и своей жизни в порядок»

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