XIV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2022

Today I want to tell you about the difficult and complicated path that coffee has traveled to become a part of our daily lives. Throughout history, people have consumed coffee as food, taken it as medicine, made infusions from it, forbidden it, blessed it, and smuggled it into other countries.

The tradition of drinking coffee as a beverage is known to have originated in southern Ethiopia and Yemen, although historians still argue that coffee trees were known in other earlier countries.

According to legend, Caldi, a shepherd from Kaffa province in southern Ethiopia, noticed that after consuming coffee berries his goats became active and refused to sleep at night. He tasted the berries himself and discovered their invigorating effect. He reported his observations to the abbot of the local monastery, but he condemned the shepherd and threw the berries away. The room was filled with the enticing aroma of roasted coffee beans, and the abbot decided to prepare a drink from the berries. As he drank it, he felt a noticeable burst of energy, which allowed him to stay awake during hours of evening prayer. The abbot told the other monks of the monastery about his discovery, and they passed the knowledge on.

As an aside, let me remind you that one of the first coffee trees was called Arabica.

For Arabian countries coffee gradually became an important export commodity, and they did their best to prevent other countries from growing it. Before exporting the beans were boiled or partially roasted, so that they could not sprout, and strangers were strictly forbidden to enter coffee plantations. But all these measures were of no avail.

The first case of coffee smuggling took place in the 17th century when a pilgrim named Baba Budan managed to smuggle some coffee beans from Mecca to his native India. This is how the first coffee plantation appeared in the state of Mizoram in India. By the end of the 17th century the Dutch had brought coffee to the Malabar coast of India and then to Java. From there it subsequently penetrated into other Southeast Asian countries.

In a short time the Dutch colonies became the main suppliers of coffee to Europe, where it meanwhile saw more and more popularity.

In the Old World, attitudes toward coffee were also mixed. Opponents called it "the bitter spawn of Satan." In Venice the disputes between supporters and opponents of coffee reached such intensity that the intervention of Pope Clement VIII was needed. But the drink became so popular that the Pope gave it his blessing.

The first coffee houses appeared in Europe in the mid-17th century and quickly spread to England, France, Germany and Holland. Soon there were about 300 coffee houses in London. As in the Middle East, coffee houses were a popular meeting place where people of all different professions gathered to discuss urgent matters and problems.

Coffee houses became such an important place of business communication that some of them grew into large companies. For example, the famous insurance market Lloyd's of London was born from Edward Lloyd's Coffee House on Tower Street, and the London Stock Exchange grew out of Jonathon's Coffee House.

Most people nowadays imagine coffee with milk and sweetener when they hear the word "coffee," but coffee used to be only in its pure form, diluted with water. Here are a couple of stories about the creation of dairy coffee drinks

Raff Coffee. The drink appeared as a result of experiments in a Moscow coffee house "Coffee Bean" in 1996-1997. A regular customer of the cafe, named Rafael, refused the usual coffee drinks and asked to come up with something new for him. The experiment of three baristas resulted in a coffee drink "for Raphael" (consisting of coffee, milk, cream, and vanilla sugar). It was milder and sweeter than regular coffee drinks with milk. Later, customers who liked the novelty began to ask for "coffee like Raf," and gradually the name was shortened to "Raf-coffee" or simply "Raf." Later, as baristas moved to other coffee houses, the drink began to be served there as well, gaining popularity in coffee houses all over Russia.

Coffee Latte. Hard-working Italian housewives tried, by all means, to get their big Italian family together. However, they did not always succeed. Then they went for a ruse. To please everyone - the young and not so young, and even the smallest members of the family - resourceful Italian wives began to prepare a miracle drink called coffee latte. They whipped milk until it became very foamy, then poured in espresso in a thin stream so that the coffee did not get mixed and stayed down. Now it was possible to please everyone: adults got black coffee (the bottom layer of the latte), and children were delighted with the lush "cap" of foam.

In my opinion, the popularity of coffee increased for several reasons, the main ones being:

1. Coffee drink, as mentioned earlier, is an excellent refreshing drink.

2. With espresso you can come up with a large number of different drinks ( with milk, with cream, with syrups, toppings, etc.), unlike teas

3. Coffee without sugar and milk has zero calories

Speaking of popularity we can note the top 5 countries in terms of coffee consumption per capita:

- Finland ranks 1st - 12 kg per capita

- Norway ranks 2nd - 9,9 kg/person

- Iceland ranks 3rd - 9 kg/person

- Netherlands in 5th place - 8,4 kg/person

- France in 18th place - 5,4 kg/person

If we look at the coffee industry from an economic perspective, it is safe to say that America is the world's number one coffee importer. According to 2017 data, the U.S. imports $4 billion worth of beans each year. 150 million Americans drink coffee daily.

I believe that coffee and all its derivatives will be popular for a long time to come, which means it is a good industry for implementing various business ideas, which I plan to do in the future.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

1. https: //www.torrefacto.ru/blog/brief-history-of-coffee/ (date of access 11/18/21)

2. https: //coffeeshopwithoutfranchises.ru/trends2020 (date accessed 11/18/21)

3. https: //www.coffeemarket.dp.ua/article/istoriya-sozdaniya-samykh-populyarnykh-kofeinykh-napitkov/ (date of treatment 11/18/21)

4. James Hoffmann, World Atlas of Coffee: From Bean to Cup (date accessed 15.11.2021)

5. Maxwell Column Dashwool: Dictionary of Coffee (date accessed 11/17/21)

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