XIV Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2022

The image of the modern world is changing rapidly every day: if the past two centuries have become a stage of rapid development of industry, then the XXI century is the time of the heyday of information technology and digitalization.

The foundation of the formation of Industry 4.0 is determined by end-to-end technologies, the use of which greatly simplifies human life, reduces costs and increases production productivity. The main groups of end-to-end technologies include: big data, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, wireless communication technologies, industrial Internet of Things, etc.

One of the priorities of the modern digital economy is a group of technologies, which has been called the "Internet of Things".

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global computing network that combines various kinds of physical objects equipped with technologies for collecting and transmitting information [1].

Nikola Tesla predicted the emergence of this technology back in 1926, but it was only in 1990 that John Romki, one of the founders of the TCP/IP protocol, introduced the first "Internet of thing" to the world, which turned out to be an ordinary toaster controlled via the Internet. The term "Internet of Things" was first used in 1999, but this technology has been actively developed only in recent years [2].

The Internet of Things performs a number of useful tasks: automates processes as much as possible, reduces time and material costs, and optimizes production. Therefore, this technology is used in many areas of public life: medicine, telecommunications, housing, the army, construction, sports, logistics, etc.

For example, in several major US cities, BigBelly company [3] has organized a system of smart garbage cans. Inside each there are several sensors that analyze the fullness of the tank and transmit information to the "cloud". Based on this information, the optimal route of garbage trucks is compiled. As a result, employees do not waste time and fuel on cleaning those points that are not yet filled, saving resources. In the future, with the development of unmanned vehicles, developers want to make even garbage collection cars fully autonomous, excluding a person from the process.

But any technology both simplifies a person's life and forms various difficulties. If we talk about the Internet of Things, there are numerous nuances in the implementation of the technology.

Firstly, one of the most difficult points is the need to find alternative programming methods. So, all modern "smart" technology works with the help of programmed algorithms and simply executes various scenarios embedded in the program code. If a failure occurs, the program will either fail or provide the wrong result that was expected from it. Therefore, to solve this problem, highly qualified specialists are needed who will be able to eliminate failures in the program.

Secondly, it is the variety of different protocols and the lack of generally accepted standards. Data exchange should be carried out in a single language, without which an effective implementation of the Internet of Thing is impossible. So, the giant corporations Apple, Google, Microsoft and many others could achieve more concrete results if they worked together. Therefore, in the near future, we can only count on the invention of the most successful network, which may be adopted as a standard and become a global network.

Another problem of this technology is energy supply. For the correct operation of the Internet of Things, even within a single living space, the power supply of all connected devices must be uninterrupted. Providing devices with energy is still quite a serious problem, but the use of wind, light and vibration energy solves this issue right now, and in the near future the use of IoT technologies will become a completely autonomous process.

Despite all the difficulties, the benefits of the Internet of things will be enormous, both at the level of each individual user and for the state as a whole.

According to the research company Gartner, the volume of the global Internet of Things market for 2020 amounted to about 300 billion dollars and the number of connected devices is more than 21 billion [4].

The Russian IoT market is just beginning its development. According to J'son&Partners Consulting, the volume of the domestic market in 2020 amounted to about $980 million [5].

According to the optimistic forecast, the average annual growth rate of the domestic Internet of Things market will be more than 40%. But the onset of this scenario is possible only with the support of the development of the It market at the state level. The pessimistic scenario assumes moderate growth rates of the market in the period up to 2022 - an average annual growth rate of 12-13% in 2021-2022 (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Forecast of the Iot market volume

The development of the Russian Internet of Things market is influenced by various growth and deterrence factors.

One of the key factors that gave impetus to the development of the Internet of Things market in Russia can be called the interest of the state. The program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" [6], which was approved in the summer of 2017, set up the development of the state for digitalization. The government's Digital Economy program pays close attention to the Internet of Things. For example, on June 24, 2019, the Technical Committee "Cyber-Physical Systems" at Rosstandart [7] presented for public discussion draft preliminary national standards for IoT and Industrial Internet of Things.

Another powerful accelerator of the IoT market in the Russian Federation is the growth of production in general. Against the background of economic sanctions on the use of Western-made goods, production volumes of various products have increased in Russia. According to experts, the Internet of Things can bring real and, most importantly, rapid cost reduction for companies. Therefore, interest in the implementation of measures to reduce this type of production costs will automatically lead to the development of the market.

Political instability also hinders the development of the domestic Internet of Things market. Already at the moment, some large developers cannot use Western products, that becomes a crucial moment for freezing investment projects.

Another limiting factor is the lack of specialists. The Internet of Things market has started to grow rapidly over the past two years, and the education system does not keep up with its pace. Therefore, many commercial equipment manufacturers and suppliers of integrated IT solutions seek to fill this gap by organizing their own training centers for their engineers and developers.

According to experts, the mass introduction of IoT in the Russian Federation will begin no earlier than 2021, as many entrepreneurs postpone the introduction of IoT until the market matures, or are limited to small projects. But over time, entrepreneurs themselves will come to understand that the Internet of Things is a great way to optimize business processes, increase the efficiency of using production assets, reduce maintenance costs, improve energy efficiency and reduce operating costs.

Thus, it is worth noting the positive trend in the development of modern technologies of the 4th wave of innovations: data on the rapid growth of the Internet of Things market volumes confirm the global perspective of the development of this technology. With the help of the Internet of Things, the interaction of objects, systems and people is really improving, because it is IoT devices that become the starting point for the introduction of many other technologies, such as AI or ML, which allow deeper analysis of data and use them to improve the quality of life and form a smart ecosystem, more and more adapted to humans.

Literature

1. Industrial Internet of Things. [electronic resource]. // URL: https://investmoscow.ru/media/3340535/03-промышленный-интернет-вещей.pdf

2. The history of the Internet of Things. How did it all start? [electronic resource]. // URL: https://perenio.ru/blog/the-history-of-the-internet-of-things

3. Bigbelle ACS. [electronic resource]. // URL: https://bigbelly.com/

4. Gartner. [electronic resource]. // URL: https://www.gartner.com/en

5. J'son&Partnersconsulting presented a forecast for the Russian M2M and IoT market until 2025. [electronic resource]. // URL: https://www.cnews.ru/news/line/2020-07-20_json_partners_consulting_predstavila

6. Digital economy of the Russian Federation. [electronic resource]. // URL: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/activity/directions/858/

7. Cyber-physical systems. Rosstandart has approved the fundamental standards of the Internet of Things. [electronic resource]. // URL: http://tc194.ru/

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