XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

Introduction

Horses are beautiful and graceful creatures. A man tamed a horse a long time ago, it became for him more than just a means of transportation and a source of meat - it became for him a friend, and sometimes even a colleague (for example, mounted police). In general, the horse played and still plays a huge role in human life.

In our time, horse breeding has become very popular. When choosing a horse it is necessary to consider several important parameters: the value of the breed, that is, what the horse is supposed to be used for - for racing, or for moving loads, different breed characteristics such as: allure, color, weight, life expectancy, height, the location of the head, especially the muscles. And of course, when choosing a horse, you need to take into account its character, because if a person does not get along with his pet, then they will not work well together.

In this work, we will introduce some popular horse breeds, such as the Thorougdhbre, Hokkaido pony, Paso Fino, Canadian horse, Marvari horse.

The purpose of this work is to tell about the exterior of horses from different parts of the world and show the history of their origin.

The popular horse breed in various countries.

The Thoroughbred (Englan, Europe)

Exterior: There is the sholder height of adult animal 155—170 sm. Horse coat color is usually palm-color or chestnut, not very often dark bay, black-brown, gray and black. On body can be located white mark. Legs, juba and tail aren’t too thatch. Tail is not long, come out at hack. A habit of head is hammer-head and some gnarled.

Origin history: Thoroughbred, breed of horse developed in England for racing and jumping. The origin of the Thoroughbred may be traced back to records indicating that a stock of Arab and Barb horses was introduced into England as early as the 3rd century. Natural conditions favoured development of the original stock, and selective breeding was encouraged by those interested in racing. Under the reigns of James I and Charles I, 43 mares—the so-called Royal Mares—were imported into England, and a record, the General Stud Book, was begun in which were listed only those horses that may be traced back to the Royal Mares in direct line, or to one of three other horses imported to England: the Byerly Turk (imported in 1689), the Darley Arabian (after 1700), and the Godolphin Barb (about 1730). The English Thoroughbred has since been introduced to most countries, where it is bred for racing or used to improve local breeds. A son of the Darley Arabian, Bulle Rock, was imported to Virginia in 1730. During the following 45 years, 186 Thoroughbreds imported from England became the foundation of Thoroughbred breeding in the United States.

Canadian horse(Canada, North America)

Exterior: Generally the Canadian Horse is black, but sometimes has light chestnut. The desired height is 14 to 16 hands. As a general purpose animal, the Canadian Horse shows a well proportioned body, good setting of limbs, high quality of bones and good feet. The forearm and gaskin are especially well muscled. The mane and tail are thick, long and wavy. The head shows intelligence, spirit and no excel of nervousness. The animal is generally very easy to handle.

Origin history: The first horse to gallop on Canadian soil was unloaded in Quebec on June 24, 1647. The original stock was selected from the horses of Normandy and Brittany in France and sent to Canada by King Louis XIV. These original horses were of Andalusian, Arab and Spanish Barb stock. They flourished without influence over the next 150 years with no infusion of outside blood. Due to natural selection, only the strongest managed to survive the rigours of the winters. They became small in size, but the conditions under which they had to exist give them a hardiness to be found in no other breed. The Canadian is known as the Little Iron Horse and is still the sturdiest and the best acclimatized horse in Canada. These horses were much loved and appreciated by the habitant farmer and the numbers rose quickly. By 1850, the number of horses was 150,000 however the importing of other breeds and exporting to the United States for various wars including the Civil war meant the horse was in danger of disappearing as a distinct breed. Their only legacy might have been a contribution to the early bloodlines in the North American developed breeds: the Morgan, Standard Bred, Saddle bred and the Tennessee Walker.

Hokkaido pony or Dosanko (Japan, Asia)

Exterior: There is the sholder height of adult animal 132-134 sm. They have physical characteristics like plain head, short, stout, and heavy body, flat withers, light and slender legs with silky feathering, good feet. Common uses are pleasure mount, farm work, military pack animal, trail riding.

Origin history:The Dosanko is thought to have evolved from the Nanbu horses, which were brought to Hokkaido from Tohoku, a region in Honshu, by fishermen during the Tokugawa period (1603-1868). Since the fishermen came to the island to look for herring, they imported these horses to help them in transporting their catch.

In autumn, the fishermen returned home leaving the horses in Hokkaido to survive without any aid. Many of these equines would survive the harsh winter and would be utilized by the fishermen returning in the next spring.

A breed registry was formed in 1979, and by the early 1990s, the Dosanko population grew from 1180 to 3000. However, it declined to 1950 horses by 2000. Today, many ranchers and farmers in Hokkaido winter these ponies in the mountains. A research grant is given to the Hokkaido University in order to develop and analyze conservation efforts for the breed.

Paso Fino (South America)

Exterior:The Paso Fino’s height is between 136 and 155 cm. The Paso Fino is light-footed, elegant, has a lot of natural grace and style, is easy to handle, but has a lot of temperament under the saddle, which is called "Brio".

Origin history:The Paso Fino origins in Colombia. In the meantime, the Paso Fino can be found in many other countries, mainly in North America. Other examples are the USA, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela.

In 1493 Christopher Columbus took horses on his conquests from Spain to South America (today's Dominican Republic). On board many purebred Spaniards turned out to be ponies or crossbreeds. Columbus was a pretty miserable horseman and usually preferred a mule to travel. That those horses were the fiery and famous ancestors of South American horses is pretty unrealistic. Fortunately many valuable mares from Spain followed during the next 12 years. On their descendants the Spanish conquered South America.

The breeding goals were put together quickly. You needed a comfortable, motivated, sure-footed and agile (they also wanted to use them for cattle work) horse that could cover long distances. In this new South American culture today's Paso Fino arose.

Marwari horse (India)

Exterior: Marwari has curved ears which gives them a unique appearance.The Marwari stands between 14 and 16 hands high. These relatively light horses weigh between 750 and 1,000 pounds. They have slim bodies. These horses are bred in many different colors, including bay, grey, chestnut, palomino, skewbald, and piebald. Horses that have white blazes and four white socks are believed to be lucky, so they’re also very popular. Because black is associated with death and darkness, black horses are thought to be unlucky. 

Origin:The Marwari is a very old breed, around since at least the 12th century in Northwest India. Like many other breeds of solid substance, the Marwari horse has war horse roots.

For example, the Marwai horse was used as recently as World War I by the Marwar Lancers, and much further into India’s war history as well. But when the usefulness of the war horse declined, so did the numbers for the Marwari breed.

It has since been making a steady comeback but is still considered pretty rare.

An additional reason for the breed’s decline was the caste system which forbade most of the population from riding Marwari horses. As a result of all of these problems, a government survey in the 1990s estimated that only about 500-600 Marwari horses were still in existence.

Informationinnumerals

representative of breed	Speed km/h	Height(cm)	Weight (kg)	Life Expectancy (years)
The Thoroughbred	55	155-170	500-600	20-23
Canadian horse	20	145-163	400-600	20-40
Hokkaido pony	10	130-135	200-300	35-45
Paso Fino	24	140-155	320-500	25-30
Marwari horse	60	150-163	400-500	20-30

Сonclusion

In conclusion, we would like to note that there are still more interesting horse breeds in the world. This paper presents only a few of them. Some horses are valued for their speed, some for their endurance, and others for their appearance. Currently, people do not often use horses in everyday work, most often preference is given to machines. Horses are increasingly seen as sporting partners or simply as family members. Therefore, horses in the modern world play the same important role for a person as before.

List of sources

okstate.edu [Электронный ресурс]: Oklahoma State University – Режим доступа: http://afs.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/hokkaido, своб. – Загл. с экрана

horseyhooves.com [Электронный ресурс]: Horsey Hooves – Режим доступа: https//horseyhooves.com/paso-fino-horse-breed, своб. - Загл.с экрана

ilovehorses.net [Электронный ресурс]: Ilovehorses – Режим доступа: https://ilovehorses.net/history-2/the-mystical-marwari-the-other-desert-horse, своб. - Загл.с экрана

travel.cnn.com [Электронный ресурс]: Travel CNN – Режим доступа:https://travel.cnn.com/explorations/play/horses-bred-fight-elephants-630647, своб. – Загл. с экрана

zoovet.ru [Электронный ресурс]: Зоовет – Режим доступа: https://www.zoovet.ru/stati/entsiklopediya-vidov-zhivotnykh/loshadi_i_poni/chistokrovnaya_verhovaya_poroda_loshadej, своб. – Загл. с экрана

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