XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

Hydroponics is not a new technology. Even in ancient Egypt, the pharaohs enjoyed the taste of fruits and vegetables grown with the help of hydroponics. One of the seven wonders of the world, the hanging gardens of Semiramis in Babylon were actually just a hydroponic garden. In India, plants are grown directly in coconut fiber, the roots of the plants are immersed in water. If hydroponics is a new technology, it's been new for thousands of years. Hydroponics is not new – it just differs from other methods of cultivation.

The role of hydroponics in agriculture, industry and everyday life is increasing. A special place in the structure of vegetable growing was occupied by the cultivation of vegetables and herbs by the method of hydroponics. Green vegetables are valuable because of their high need for vitamins, mineral salts and other nutrients. Growing plants using hydroponics is very effective, as in a short time you can get a crop all year round and using small areas. Here, knowledge of the concentration of not only macro-but also microelements plays an important role. Since all plants need trace elements to create enzyme systems-biocatalysts, among them iron, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum, cobalt, etc. it is important to note that scientists call them "elements of life", in the absence of these elements, the life of plants and animals is impossible. The lack of trace elements does not lead to the destruction of plants, but causes a decrease in the speed and sequence of processes responsible for the development of the body. As a result, plants do not realize their potential, and therefore do not always give a high and high-quality harvest. Also, the use of hydroponics reduces the financial costs of tillage, protection from weeds and pests, the limited volume allows you to grow a large number of plants on the landing site. Water and mineral fertilizers are consumed more efficiently due to their repeated use. You can control the growth of plants by changing the composition of the nutrient solution, the concentration of oxygen in the solution, which increases productivity. Due to the fact that every day our planet is growing rapidly, there is a threat of exhaustion of land resources. At this rate of growth, our usual ways of getting food cannot provide for all people. Therefore, the development of alternative ways of obtaining food is important right now.

Ecological state of land resources of Kazakhstan

In many regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the environmental situation is deteriorating. The total area of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan according to the land balance as of November 1, 2013 is 272.5 million hectares, including 11,317 hectares.3 thousand hectares were leased to the Russian Federation to the Baikonur cosmodrome and a number of military training grounds. In turn, the Republic of Kazakhstan uses 0.9 thousand hectares of the sanatorium "Shymkent" on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the land Fund used by the Republic of Kazakhstan is 261,173 units. 8 thousand hectares. The growth of industry, energy, transport and agriculture leads to a systematic increase in anthropogenic emissions into the environment. Large volumes of land are contaminated with chemicals and other substances and impurities, and the land is contaminated with waste from production and consumption. Land pollution is widespread in areas adjacent to industrial plants, highways, and oil pipelines. The vast territory of Kazakhstan is used in relation to the activities of military training grounds and space technology launches. The objects and launch pads of the Baikonur cosmodrome have a negative impact on the soil cover. In particular, garbage and pollution of the territory and fuel spills of all kinds. The greatest pollution comes from launch vehicle accidents. Currently, the Baikonur cosmodrome, the Sary-Shagan test site, the 4th state Central test site "Kapustin Yar", the 929th State flight test center and others operate on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Earth pollution occurs on the territory of the cosmodrome and landfills, as well as in the places where the selected parts of space rockets fall and along the flight path of rockets. According to the state enterprise "kazmehanobr" of the Ministry of environmental protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the total area of land where rocket fuel can come into contact with Gorenje products and separated rocket stages is 9.6 million hectares.

In March-April, using the method of hydroponics, we conducted a study. For the experiment, we took watercress. Watercress is a member of the genus Klopovnik, an annual vegetable plant that is widely used in cooking and medicine. Growing watercress is easy. The fact is that it is one of the most unpretentious plants. At home, it can be grown on the windowsill, watercress grows well in cool, bright rooms.

The most optimal planting time is considered to be March. But on the windowsill, this green can be grown all year round. Watercress is grown from seeds. The plant is considered precocious, the upper leaves can be cut off in a few weeks. For good growth of green vegetables, the air temperature should not exceed 10 degrees. At temperatures above 15 degrees, watercress blooms and loses its flavor.

For the study, we took two control groups of watercress and placed them in different substrates:

No. 1 - plants that grew in the soil.

No. 2-plants that grew in the solution, which we made ourselves using fertilizers for fruit crops, sawdust and birch bark husks were taken as a substrate.

During the period from March 30 to April 8, we observed the development of plants, recorded measurements, and periodically prepared nutrient

The experiment lasted 10 days. During the experiment, the same conditions were created for the growth and development of plants. The results were listed in the table:

	1 plant	2 plant	3 plant	4 plant	5 plant		The average length of
		Measurements after 10 days
Watercress that grew in the soil	4,5 mm	5 mm	3,5 mm	2,5 mm	3 mm		3,7 mm
Watercress that grew in solution	6 mm	6,5 mm	5,5 mm	6 mm	6 mm		6 mm

After conducting a study, calculating the average data on the growth of watercress in different substrates, we obtained the following results:

1.Faster growth of watercress was obtained in the second control group with plants that grew in a solution with the use of fertilizers.

2. In the same group, plants had the same development, and in the first control group –some plants had rapid development (5 mm), others - slower (lagged in growth-2.5 mm).

From this experiment, we were able to deduce a number of advantages of hydroponics:

First, the growth rate of plants on hydroponics, namely in a nutrient solution, is much higher.

Secondly, the plant does not need to spend energy searching for nutrients, they are easily accessible form is supplied to the roots of the plant. Therefore, the plant uses the saved energy for development and growth. As a result, hydroponics allows you to regulate the growing conditions of plants to create a nutrition regime for the root system, which fully meet the needs of plants in nutrients.

Thus, we can conclude that the method of hydroponics can be more effective and with minimal time to grow the necessary crops. This work should be continued further and as the object under study to take tomatoes, houseplants, but for this it is necessary to purchase a compressor for aquariums or an aerator to saturate the aqueous solution with oxygen. The purpose of this work was to analyze and compare the methods of groundless and soil cultivation of plants. In conclusion, I would like to note that thanks to the experience, it was possible to deduce the advantages of the groundless method of growing plants.

References

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