XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

The concept of "language" and " thinking "in modern linguistics

" Cognitive linguistics " is a direction that focuses on language as a general cognitive mechanism. The field of vital interests of cognitive linguistics includes the "mental" foundations of understanding and producing speech from the point of view of how the structures of language knowledge are represented ("represented") and participate in the processing of information. In the scientific jargon of recent years, this problem is posed as follows: what are the" representations " of knowledge and the procedures for their processing? It is generally assumed that representations and related procedures are organized modularly, and therefore subject to different principles of organization [D. Wunderlich, Kaufmann 1990, p. 223].

Unlike other disciplines of the cognitive cycle, cognitive linguistics considers those and only those cognitive structures and processes that are characteristic of humans as homo loquens. Namely, in the foreground are: a systematic description and explanation of the mechanisms of human language acquisition and the principles of structuring these mechanisms. This raises the following questions [Felix, Kanngiesser, Rickheit 1990, p. 1-2]: . Representation of the mental mechanisms of language acquisition and the principles of their structuring: is it enough to be limited to a single representation - or should these mechanisms be represented within different representations? How do these mechanisms interact? What is their internal structure? . Production. The main question is: are production and perception based on the same units of the system, or do they have different mechanisms? Also: do the processes that make up speech production run in parallel or sequentially over time? For example, do we first build a general sentence framework, only then filling it with lexical material, or are both procedures performed simultaneously, and then how does this happen? What substructures (for example, syntactic, semantic, conceptual, etc.) appear in speech production and how are they arranged? . Perception in a cognitive way is studied somewhat more actively than speech production - this is another manifestation of interpretationism. In this regard, the question is: What is the nature of the procedures that regulate and structure language perception? What knowledge is activated through these procedures? What is the organization of semantic memory? What is the role of this memory in the perception and understanding of speech?

In cognitive linguistics, it is accepted that mental processes are not only based on representations, but also correspond to certain procedures - "cognitive calculations".Eschenbach et al. 1990, c.37-38]. For the rest of the "cognitive disciplines" (especially for cognitive psychology), the conclusions of cognitive linguistics are valuable to the extent that they allow us to understand the mechanisms of these cognitive calculations in general [G. Lakoff 1982, p. 141].

In this information-retrieval jargon, the central task of cognitive linguistics is formulated as a description and explanation of the internal cognitive structure and dynamics of the speaker-listener [S. W. Felix, Kanngiesser, Rickheit 1990a, p. 5]. The speaker-listener is considered as an information processing system consisting of a finite number of independent components (modules) and correlating language information at various levels. The goal of cognitive linguistics, accordingly , is to study such a system and establish its most important principles, and not only to systematically reflect the phenomena of language. For a cognitive scientist, it is important to understand what the mental representation of language knowledge should be and how this knowledge is" cognitively "processed, i.e. what is the "cognitive reality". The adequacy and relevance of linguists ' statements are evaluated from this point of view, interpreted [S. W. Felix, Kanngiesser, Rickheit 1990a, p. 6] as reflecting: . The digestibility. The type of mental representation proposed by the researcher should be available for assimilation. (The only question is what is available for assimilation and what is not available.) . The processability. The candidate representation can be processed using the program of some sufficiently plausible analyzer (on a computer). This explains the desire to test the grammatical model using computational linguistics.

Language as an object of cognitive linguistics

Some linguists (for example, generativists) believe that the language system forms a separate module, outside the general cognitive mechanisms [G. Lakoff 1982, p. 141]. However, more often language activity is considered as one of the modes of "cognition", which is the tip of the iceberg, which is based on cognitive abilities that are not purely linguistic, but provide prerequisites for the latter. Such abilities include: building images and logical inference based on them, obtaining new knowledge based on available information, drawing up and implementing plans [M.Richelle 1987, c.27].

An example of the cognitive style in theorizing is " cognitive-based phonology "(S. Eliasson 1991, p.155-156), in which the description takes place in terms of rules for constructing a structure that" work "in close interaction with"cognitive schemes". These schemes constitute a non-linguistic system of "mental competence". The emphasis is on functionality rather than formal simplicity, which is why teleological explanations are acceptable.

Another example of the cognitive approach is related to the use of the principle of "cognitive correspondence", formulated as follows [R. Wilensky 1990, p. 79]: when putting forward a representation for a particular unit, one should pay attention to how this unit is cognized . From several competing research hypotheses about the structure of a sentence, predicate, text, etc., the one that most corresponds, in the researcher's opinion, to cognitive reality is chosen. A formally plausible representation that contradicts this principle must be rejected.

Conclusion

Cognitive linguistics is thinking, which is the manipulation of mental representations such as frames, scenarios, plans, models, and other knowledge structures. Language is a mental phenomenon, it becomes one of the ways to encode various forms of cognition: sensory (sensation, perception, representation) and rational (concepts, judgments, inferences). It is possible to understand and explore ways of conceptualizing the world only by mastering a certain set of knowledge from the new scientific paradigm. The linguistic picture of the world reflects the way of speech restoration activity, characteristic of a particular era, with its spiritual, cultural and national values.

References

Askold S. A. Concept and the word // Russian literature. From the theory of literature to the structure of the text. Anthology. - M, 1997. - p. 271.

Baudouin de Courtenay I. A. Quantifiability in language thinking / / I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay. Selected works on general linguistics. - Part 1. - M, 1963. C. 312.

Vygotsky L. S. Myshlenie i rech [Thinking and speech] / / Vygotsky L. S. Sobr. soch. v 6-ti tomakh. - M, 1982. - Vol. 2

Kubryakova E. S. On the attitudes of cognitive science and current problems of cognitive linguistics // Questions of cognitive linguistics. - 2004, No. 1. - pp. 6-17.

Popova Z. D., Sternin I. A. Cognitive linguistics / / AST, Vostok-Zapad-2007, 315