XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

Parallel Construction is a stylistic device, and a grammatical construction having two or more clauses, phrases or words, with similar grammatical form and length. In parallel structure, sentences have a series of phrases or clauses, which start and end in almost a similar fashion, by keeping the rhythm of the lines. These structures are repetitions that offer an enjoyable time for the readers to absorb and understand ideas, facts, and concepts.
It shows that two or more ideas are equally important by stating them in grammatically parallel form: noun lined up with noun, verb with verb, phrase with phrase.
Example :
I came;

I saw;

I conquered.

‒ Julius Caesar

Using three simple verbs to list the things he did, Caesar makes coming, seeing, and conquering all equal in importance. He also implies that for him, conquering was as easy as coming and seeing.
The necessary condition in parallel construction is identical, or similar, syntactical structure in two or more sentences or parts of a sentence in close succession.

Parallel constructions may be partial or complete.
Partial parallel arrangement is the repetition of some parts of successive sentences or clauses, as in :
«It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses – that man your navy and recruit your army, that – have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair." (Byron)
The attributive clauses here all begin with the subordinate conjunction that which is followed by a verb in the same form, except the last (have enabled). The verbs, however, are followed either by adverbial modifiers of place (in your fields, in your houses) or by direct objects (your navy, your army). The third attributive clause is not built on the pattern of the first two, although it preserves the parallel structure in general (that + verb-predicate + object), while the fourth has broken away entirely.

Complete parallel arrangement, also called balance, maintains the principle of identical structures throughout the corresponding sentences, as in :
«The seeds ye sow – another reaps, The robes ye weave – another wears, The arips ye forge – another bears.» (P. B. Shelley)
It can be difficult to distinguish between parallelism and repetition. They are similar literary devices in the sense that their function is based on something being repeated for effect. However, repetition specifically features the intentional use of a word or phrase, two or more times in close proximity of each other. Parallelism can involve the repetition of words or phrases, but it also must reflect repetition of grammatical and/or structural elements. In fact, the only requirement for parallelism as a literary device is the repetition of grammatical elements and/or structure in a written work–apart from strictly word or phrase repetition.
A good example to demonstrate the difference between parallelism and repetition is the title character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The line, «Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow» ‒ features word repetition. It also features parallelism due to the grammatical structure of the phrasing, using «and» as a conjunction. This grammatical similarity increase the rhythm of the phrase and emphasizes the concept and meaning of «tomorrow» as an permanent, repeating aggregate of time and experience.
Parallel construction creates fluency in writing and enhances readability, as it uses patterns of words in a way that readers can easily follow, and relate them to each other. It makes language appear refined, especially in writing and advertising. It also lends consistency to professional writing, as it provides rhythm and balance that lead the readers to the exact idea, without any misguidance.
However, the difference in the functions of parallelisms in these styles of speech is determined by their general laws. In the styles of artistic speech, the parallelism of syntactic constructions carries an artistic and emotional load. It creates, like any repetition, the rhythmic organization of the utterance and, due to its monotony, serves as a background for the emphatic selection of the desired segment of the utterance or word. In styles of scientific prose and business documents, parallelisms have a completely different function. They are used, so to speak, in a logical sense. Their purpose is to express in a linguistic form the equivalence of the content of the statement.