XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.It is the exchange of information between different types of systems (biological, technical, social) [1].

Forms of communication. Forms of communication include discussions, conversations, meetings, meetings, negotiations, briefings, press conferences, presentations, receptions for personal matters, telephone conversations, business correspondence, etc.

Areas of communication. The spheres of communication are united by the concept of specialized communication. Traditionally, the following areas are distinguished: domestic, political, scientific, educational, pedagogical, legal, medical, religious, and industrial communication.

Communication styles change from person to person. During the process of communication, a person may invoke several channels or modes or methods to convey a message. However, the process of communication doesn’t only depend on the source producing or relaying information.

It also equally depends on the communication method and the manner in which the receiver understands the message.

There are several types of communication distinguished by the composition of communicants. [3]

Autocommunication (a speech, the addressee and the addresser of which is the same person)

Interpersonal communication (a communication between one person and another (or others))

Group communication (a communication within a group or between groups (interview of a political leader or a conversation between a company manager and an employee)

Mass communication (a process of transmitting messages to a large number of scattered audiences)

Monocultural communication (a communication of representatives of one national-linguistic-cultural community, all members of which have the same cognitive base)

Cross-cultural communication (communication across different cultures and social groups with different national cognitive bases)

Some more types of communication:

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used during presentations, video conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations. Some verbal engagements are informal, such as chatting with a friend over coffee or in the office kitchen, while others are more formal, such as a scheduled meeting. Regardless of the type, it is not just about the words, it is also about the caliber and complexity of those words, how we string those words together to create an overarching message, as well as the intonation (pitch, tone, cadence, etc.) used while speaking.

Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. For example, you might smile unintentionally when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or piece of information.

Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information for reference. Writing is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets, blogs, letters, contracts, and more. Emails and chats are a common form of written communication in the workplace.

Interpersonal communication is the process of exchanging messages and interpreting them by two or more individuals who have come into direct contact.

The condition for successful interpersonal communication is associated with the creation by participants of a "common social reality", a common "here-and-now", outside of which communication cannot take place at all. This premise is sometimes referred to by researchers as the contractual aspect of interpersonal communication.

The effectiveness of interpersonal communication will be determined by the parameters of individuals as communicative personalities. The defining parameters for a communicative personality are three: motivational, cognitive and functional [2].

The motivational parameter is determined by communication needs. If there is no need, then there is no communication, or there is pseudo-communication.

The cognitive parameter includes many characteristics that form the inner world of an individual in the process of accumulating cognitive experience: knowledge of communicative codes, self-observation and self-awareness, metacommunicative skills, the ability to adequately assess the cognitive and communicative horizon of the partner, myths and prejudices, stereotypes and beliefs.

The functional parameter includes three characteristics that determine the communicative competence of an individual: practical knowledge of verbal and non-verbal means of communication; the ability to vary the communicative means in the process of communication in connection with a change in the situation; the construction of discourse in accordance with the norms of the code and the rules of etiquette.

Depending on the way you use your communication potential, a person can be assigned to one or another type:

Dominant communicant: seeks to seize the initiative, does not like to be interrupted, is sharp, mocking, speaks louder than others.

Mobile communicator: easily enters the conversation, moves from topic to topic, speaks a lot, interestingly and with pleasure, does not get lost in an unfamiliar communication situation.

Rigid communicant: experiences difficulties in the contact-setting phase of communication, then is clear and logical.

Introverted communicant: does not seek to own the initiative, gives it away, is shy and modest, is constrained in an unexpected communication situation.

References:

Gnatuk O.L. Osnovy teorii kommunikatsii: ushebnoe posobiye. M., 2010. [Gnatuk O.L. (2010) Fundamentals of theory of communication. Moscow].

Konetskaya V.P. Sotsiologia kommunikatsii. Ushebnik. M., 1997. [Konetskaya V.P. (1997). Sociology of communication. Textbook. Moscow].

Maslova, V.A. Modern linguistic approaches. KSR. Methodical recommendation / V.A. Maslova. 2008. p. 263