XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

The word "translation" belongs to the number of well-known and generally understood, but it also, as a designation of a special type of human activity and its result, requires clarification and terminological definition.

Translation as one of the types of language activity is a process of adequate and full-fledged transmission of thoughts expressed in one language by means of another language [3: 138].

Translation is a complex and multifaceted type of human activity. Although it is usually said about translation "from one language to another", but, in fact,in the process of translation, there is not just a replacement of one language with another. In translation, different cultures, different personalities, different ways of thinking, different literatures, different epochs, different levels of development, different traditions and attitudes collide. Cultural scientists, ethnographers, psychologists, historians, literary critics are interested in translation, and different aspects of translation activities can be studied within the framework of the relevant sciences. At the same time, in the science of translation - translation studies - cultural, cognitive, psychological, literary and other aspects can be distinguished [2: 22].

L. S. Barkhudarov, one of the founders of the Russian theory of translation, gives the following definition: "Translation is the process of converting a speech work in one language into a speech work in another language while maintaining an unchanged plan of content, that is, meaning" [1: 11].

According to O. S. Akhmanova, translation is "the transmission of information contained in a given work of speech by means of another language" [6: 9].

In the view of I. R. Galperin, "translation is the transfer of the semantic content and stylistic features of an utterance in one language by means of another language".

G. V. Kolshansky believes that " translation as one of the most important types of communicative activity focuses primarily on the complete and adequate transmission of the original language, which contains the entire set of implications of the linguistic, social and cultural plan "[5: 10].

A.V. Fedorov's definition also draws attention to itself: "To translate means to express correctly and fully by means of one language what has already been expressed earlier by means of another language" [8: 10].

L. K. Latyshev gives the following definition of translation: "Translation is a type of language mediation, the social purpose of which is to bring mediated bilingual communication as close as possible to the usual monolingual communication in terms of completeness, efficiency and naturalness of communication" [7: 7].

Not by chance Yu. Naida ironically remarked that " there are almost as many definitions of correct translation as there are authors who discuss the subject." Proposed by Yu. A brief review of the many definitions of translation suggests that most researchers define translation either through the requirements imposed on the translator (1. "He must understand the word in the original both in meaning and style", 2." He must overcome the differences between the two linguistic structures", 3. "He must recreate the stylistic structure of the original in his translation"), or through the requirements that the translation text itself must meet. Yu. Nayda formulates four requirements for translation: 1) convey the meaning, 2) convey the spirit and style of the original, 3) have ease and naturalness of presentation, 4) cause an equivalent impression [6: 121].

However, in some studies, attempts have been made to overcome this disadvantage the proposed definitions. So, Peter Newmark wrote: "If I define the act of translation as the transfer of the value of the units of language, the text or its parts from one language to another, it is possible that I will be able to properly solve the problem, focusing on the concept of values, rather than on the concepts of "equivalence", "identity", "similarity", "similarity", "similarity", "relevance" etc." [1: 27].

Translation can be defined as the transmission of thoughts (feelings, emotions) expressed in one language by means of another language, or as the replacement of text material in one language (source language) with equivalent text material in another language (translation language), or as a process of speech - language communication occurring in a bilingual situation, i.e., a situation where communicative activity occurs (is carried out) in the codes of two different sign systems.

In this connection, it should be noted that at present, as we know, natural language is considered as some kind of sign system, in which the language sign is a sign of a special nature. It differs from other signs in that it is produced by a person and serves as a means of communication between people, being such a linguistic semantic or meaning-distinguishing unit that is produced for the purpose of speech-language communication. The totality of linguistic semantic (meaning-distinguishing) units that are in certain relations to each other makes up the system. A language is an ordered set or system of linguistic semantic or sense-distinguishing units-the essence of language signs.

While performing communicative activities in a bilingual situation, the translator simultaneously encodes and decodes the information processed by him in the codes of two different sign systems. Therefore, the translation process can be considered a complex type of psycholinguistic activity in a bilingual situation.

Place of machine translation in the general classification

Translation (by definition) is an activity that consists in transmitting the content of a text in one language by means of another language, as well as the result of such activity. A special place in the theory of translation is occupied by machine translation (MP) - a scientific and at the same time technological discipline related to the science of translation, as well as computer linguistics. Machine translation is an action performed on a computer to convert a text in one natural language into a text equivalent in content in another language, as well as the result of such an action [8: 127].

L. L. Nelyubin's Explanatory translation dictionary defines machine translation as follows: - 1. Automatic translation of text based on a given program implemented by a computer. 2. The branch of linguistics that develops the theory of such translation on the basis of a radical revision of the main provisions and methods of linguistics. 3. Automated information processing in a bilingual situation - the transfer of text from one human (natural) language to another. 4. Translation using machines (computer, computer). 5. The general process of processing information in a bilingual situation at any stage of use (and development) of technical means. 6. The process of translating text from one language (natural or artificial) to another (natural or artificial), carried out on an electronic digital computer 4: 107].

The idea of machine translation, that is, the idea of entrusting a machine with the work of translating from one natural language to another, has now been around for about fifty years. For about the same number of years, research and development work on machine (automatic) translation has been carried out in many countries of the world [9: 245].

Speaking of machine translation, it should be remembered, first of all, that the computer is not endowed with consciousness. He doesn't understand the nuances of language, allusions in the text, what is called the subtle play of words. Thinking as such does not occur in machine translation: the sentence is divided into parts of speech, standard constructions are distinguished in it, words and phrases are translated from dictionaries located in the machine's memory. Then the translated parts of speech are collected according to the rules of the other language.

But this is not enough for a full-fledged translation. Depending on a particular style and purpose of the text, the same word often has different meanings. To some extent, this feature is taken into account in machine translation systems: there are replaceable dictionaries, sometimes for each type of text there is a separate dictionary. If the vocabulary of one machine dictionary is not enough and several dictionaries are used at the same time, you can tell the system from which dictionary to take a word, if there are several options for its translation. Finally, the program itself can offer the user a choice of several translation options, and he chooses the appropriate option.

At the current level of machine translation, you can't do without human input. In order for the computer to translate the text, it needs the help of a pre-editor who pre-processes the text to be translated in one way or another, an inter-editor who participates in the translation process, and a post-editor who corrects errors and shortcomings in the text translated by the machine [Ryabtseva 1986: 167].

The work of the translator program is based on the translation algorithm - a sequence of unambiguously and strictly defined actions on the text to find correspondences in a given pair of languages L1 - L2 for a given translation direction (from one particular language to another).

To work successfully, the machine translation system includes, first, bilingual dictionaries equipped with the necessary information (morphological, related to the forms of the word, syntactic, describing the ways of combining words in a sentence, and semantic, i.e. responsible for the meaning), and secondly - means of grammatical analysis. The most common is the following sequence of formal operations that provide analysis and synthesis in a machine translation system:

The first stage is text input and searching the input word forms in the input dictionary (the dictionary of the language from which translation is made) with concomitant morphological analysis, which establishes the identity of a given word form to a particular lexeme (the word as the unit dictionary). In the process of analysis, information related to other levels of the organization of the language system can also be obtained from the word form, for example, which member of the sentence can be a given word. For a machine, combining two operations - both grammatical analysis and reference to the meaning of words - is a difficult task. Therefore, the machine performs syntactic analysis of a sentence without relying on the meaning of words, using information only about their grammatical properties. As a result of parsing, a syntactic structure appears, which is represented as a dependency tree: "root" is a predicate, and "branches" are its syntactic relations with dependent words. Each word of the sentence is written in its own dictionary form, and it indicates the grammatical characteristics that this word has in the analyzed sentence.

The next stage includes the translation of idiomatic phrases, phraseological units or stamps of a given subject area (for example, in English-Russian translation, turns of the type in case of, in accordance with get a single digital equivalent and are excluded from further grammatical analysis); determination of the main grammatical (morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical) characteristics of the input text elements (for example, the number of nouns, verb tense, their role in this sentence, etc.), performed within the input language; ambiguity resolution (for example, round can be a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, or preposition).

Final grammatical analysis, during which the necessary grammatical information is determined taking into account the data of the output language.

Synthesis of output word forms and sentences as a whole in the output language. The syntax of each language is arranged in its own way: what is subject in a Russian sentence, in another language can (or should) to be expressed by a complement, and the complement, on the contrary, must be transformed into a subject; what is denoted by a group of words in one language is translated into another by just one word, etc. In this regard, in addition to the sets of syntactic rules for each language, the machine memory also contains rules for converting syntactic structures. This is supplemented by the rules of transition from the already transformed structure to the sentence of the language into which the translation is being made. This transition from a structure to a real sentence is called syntactic synthesis.

Depending on the morphology, syntax and semantics of a particular language pair, as well as the direction of translation, the general translation algorithm may include other stages, as well as modifications of the named stages or their order, but variations of this kind in modern systems are usually insignificant [8: 202].

The history of machine translation goes back a little more than 50 years. During this time, several generations of machine translation systems have changed - from the first programs that used the limited resources of first-generation mainframes to modern commercial products that use the powerful resources of servers and personal computers, including PCs that can host pocket dictionaries.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the translator program is, first of all, a tool that allows you to solve translation problems or increase the efficiency of the translator's work only if it is used correctly.

REFERENCES:

Barkhudarov L. S. Language and Translation. Moscow: International Relations, 1975. - 240 p.

Kulagin O. V. Research on machine translation. Moscow: Nauka, 1979. - 376 p.

Komissarov V. N. Modern translation studies. Textbook. Moscow: ETS, 2002. - 413 p.

Komissarov V. N. Theory of Translation (linguistic aspects) Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1990. - 253 p.

Kuznetsov P. S., Lyapunov A. A., Reformatsky A. A. Basic problems of machine translation. Questions of Linguistics, 1956, No. 5.

Latyshev L. K. Translation: problems of theory, practice and teaching methods. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1988. - 160 p.

Minyar-Beloruchev R. K. General theory of translation and interpretation. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1980. - 237 p.

Marchuk Yu. N. Problems of machine translation. Moscow: Nauka, 1983. - 232 p.

Marchuk Yu. N. Methods of translation modeling. Moscow: Nauka, 1985. - 202 p.