XIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2021

Аннотация: В статье рассматривается вклад детей-пионеров в победу в Великой Отечественной войне. Прослеживаются жизненные пути 4 юных героев: Зины Портновой, Вилора Чекмак, Володи Дубинина и Лёни Голикова. Особое внимание уделяется совершённым подвигам, последующим награждениям и памяти народа.

Abstract: The article considers the contribution of pioneer children to the victory in the Great Patriotic war. The life paths of 4 young heroes – Zina Portnova, Vilor Chekmak, Volodya Dubinin and Lenya Golikov – are traced. Special attention is paid to the accomplished feats, subsequent awards and the memory of the people.

Ключевые слова: пионеры-герои, Великая Отечественная война, Герой Советского Союза, память.

Keywords: pioneers-heroes, Great Patriotic war, Hero of the Soviet Union, memory.

Hero Pioneers were Soviet pioneers who accomplished feats during the formation of the Soviet power and World War II. The images of the pioneer heroes were actively used in Soviet propaganda as examples of high morality.

Zinaida Portnova was born on February 20, 1926 in the city of Leningrad in a working-class family. By the beginning of the war she had finished 7 forms. After the Nazi invasion of the USSR, Zina Portnova was in the occupied territory. Since 1942 she was a member of the Obol underground organization “Young Avengers”.

 She participated in the distribution of leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders. Working in the dining room of the retraining courses for German officers, she poisoned soup, as directed by the underground (more than a hundred officers died). The Nazis began the search for intruders, suspecting everyone. Zina also came under suspicion, and the Germans almost force-fed her with the very soup. She didn’t remember how she got to the porch of her grandmother’s house, but she gave her herbal decoctions and milk whey, as a result, the girl remained alive. However, after what happened, it was mortally dangerous for her to remain in the village, and Portnova was transferred to a partisan detachment.

Since August 1943 she was a scout of the partisan detachment named after K.E. Voroshilova. In December 1943, returning from her mission, she was captured in the village of Mostishche. At one of the interrogations in the Gestapo, grabbing the investigator’s gun from the table, she shot him and two other Nazis and tried to escape, but was captured. After that, she was tortured for more than a month, the Nazis tryed to get any information about the partisans. On the morning of January 10, 1944, she was shot in the prison of the city of Polotsk.

Zina was posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin.

Streets, a ship, and several monuments and busts around the country were named in memory of Zina. There is a Museum in Saint Petersburg, and in 1978 a marked envelope was created.

Vilor Chekmak was born on December 20, 1926 in Simferopol. Subsequently, his family moved to Sevastopol. In 1941 he finished 7 forms. When the war broke out, Vilora's senior comrade, who was leaving for the front, left him a shepherd dog named Ralph. Despite the congenital heart disease and contrary to the requests of his mother, in the fall of 1941 Vilor, brought up in the traditions of Soviet patriotism, went to the partisans with this shepherd dog. In the Sevastopol partisan detachment of the 5th partisan region, he became a scout.

Vilor Chekmak died in the village of Alsou near Sevastopol. On November 10, 1941 he was on patrol. He was the first to notice the Germans approaching the partisan detachment. A shot from a rocket launcher warned his detachment of the danger, and he himself took the battle with the advancing Nazis. Vilor fought till the last bullet. When there was nothing left to shoot with, he blew himself up and an enemy soldier with a grenade.

Posthumously he was awarded with the medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol", «For Military Merit».

Soviet writers Mikhail Lezinsky and Boris Eskin wrote the book "Live, Vilor!" about Vilor Chekmak's feat. And in the Soviet Union, many pioneer detachments, especially in the Crimea, were named after Vilor Chekmak.

Volodya Dubinin was born on August 29, 1927 in the city of Kerch. He studied at school since 1936. He was one of the members of the partisan detachment, numbering about 100 people, who fought in the quarries of the village of Old Quarantine (Kamysh-Burun) 6 km from Kerch.

The persistent and courageous boy made sure that he was accepted into the partisans. With his friends, Volodya Dubinin went to reconnaissance many times. Young scouts delivered valuable information about the location of enemy units, about the number of German troops. Volodya was small in stature, so he could get through very narrow manholes.

During one reconnaissance, he learned that the Germans were going to flood the quarries. Risking his life, he went through enemy posts in the daytime and warned the partisans about the danger, thereby saving the life of the detachment. Protective walls were erected, holes were closed.

Partisans planned their military operations relying on intelligence. In December 1941 it helped the detachment to give a worthy rebuff to the SS detachments. During the battle, the boy brought ammunition to the soldiers, and then replaced the seriously wounded soldier.

After the liberation of Kerch as a result of the Kerch-Feodosia landing operation of 1941-1942, Volodya volunteered to help the sappers in clearing approaches to the quarries. On January 4, 1942, 4 sappers and Volodya Dubinin, who helped them, were killed by a mine explosion.

Posthumously he was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner.

Many streets in Russia, schools, parks, pioneer detachments and camps bear the name of the pioneer. Books and films have been written about the fate of the pioneer.

Leonid Golikov was born on June 17, 1926 in the village of Lukino, Starorussky Uyezd. He finished 7 forms. He became a brigade scout of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. He participated in 27 military operations. He especially distinguished himself during the defeat of the German garrisons in the villages of Aprosovo, Sosnitsy.

In total, the brigade destroyed: 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food and feed depots and 10 vehicles with ammunition. It accompanied a convoy with food (250 supply) to the besieged Leningrad.

On August 13, 1942, returning from reconnaissance from the Luga-Pskov highway, Golikov blew up a passenger car with a grenade, in which there was a German major general of engineering troops Richard von Wirtz.

The scout delivered a briefcase with documents to the brigade headquarters. They included drawings and descriptions of new samples of German mines, inspection reports to the higher command, and other important military papers.

On January 24, 1943 in a battle in the village of Ostray Luka, Pskov region, Leonid Golikov died.

Subsequently, he was included in the list of pioneer heroes, although by the beginning of the war he had been 15 years old.

For valor and courage, he was awarded with the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner, the medal "For Courage" and the Partisan of the Patriotic War II degree medal, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Streets and boulevards of several children's camps were named in memory of the boy, monuments were erected, and a ship was named after him.

We can speak with confidence about the bravery, selflessness and loyalty of young heroes who, without fear of anything, took the path of defending their homeland from the enemy. The memory of the pioneers does not fade nowadays. People remember and are proud of the exploits of small heroes.

Список используемой литературы:

1. Награды и наградные списки пионеров [Электронный ресурс], - https://pamyat-naroda.ru/

2.Как быль стала сказкой [Электронный ресурс], - https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kak-byl-stala-skazkoy-seriya-pionery-geroi-i-detskiy-geroicheskiy-syuzhet-1970-1980-h-gg/viewer

3. Сборник "ВОЙНА ГЛАЗАМИ ДЕТЕЙ" [Электронный ресурс], - https://molodguard.ru/

4. Биография пионеров-героев [Электронный ресурс], - https://histrf.ru/