XII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2020

Dialectical logic is the doctrine of holistic thinking. Modern mankind provides knowledge of the world through a number of sciences. Moreover, each of the sciences explores any side or part of reality, i.e. has its own subject of study. For example, one of the oldest sciences, mathematics has always studied quantitative relations, the object of biology research is the animal and plant world, and linguistics studies natural human languages. After these short remarks on the subject of science, we proceed directly to our topic. What does dialectical logic study? What is the subject of dialectical logic?

Since dialectical logic is considered to be logic, the most common answer will be that dialectical logic is a doctrine of thinking. But there are at least several logics: traditional formal logic, mathematical logic, axiomatic logic and dialectical logic - and each of them call itself the doctrine of thinking. Therefore, in this situation, the question is quite appropriate: which logic is the true doctrine of thinking, which of them can be called logic of philosophy. Currently, there are diametrically opposite answers to this question. Some scientists consider formal logic to be the true science of thinking; its modern version is mathematical logic. As for dialectical logic, in their opinion, it can be called logic only in a figurative, imaginative sense. Other scholars are convinced that only dialectical logic is true logic, since it explores the universal, multipurpose laws of the formation and development of human thinking. In order to solve this controversy, we decided to turn to the very concept of thinking and carefully analyze which logic explores thinking. For instance: tradition logicimplies thinking as a certain subjective activity performed in the head of a person through words, terms, judgments and conclusions. It focuses on the linguistic being of thinking. According to formal logic, to think is to reason, think and express thought in the correct verbal form.

The founders of formal logic (primarily Aristotle) ​​developed its basic laws (identities, contradictions, excluded middle) as a result of the analysis of reasoning, reflection, i.e. the process of linguistic development of thinking. [1] But is the study of the problem of thinking limited to formal logical research? Is it right to reduce thinking only to its linguistic being? Traditional (formal) logic always answered this question unambiguously. It completely identifies thinking with verbal reflection and therefore does not recognize another logic, except formal, and other laws of thinking, except formal-logical.

However, another philosophical program, with an inequable understanding of the problem of thinking, and consequently, of logic was developed by Hegel. According to Hegel, thinking is a self-developing constructive process, the basis of all creation and oeuvre. It really exists and is manifested not only in thoughts and books, but in all the results of human spiritual and practical activity. [2] We are of the opinion that person thinks not only when he reflects or expresses his thoughts verbally or in writing, but also when he creates the objective culture of thinking. Moreover, we believe that the real thinking of man can be correctly judged not only by his verbal reflections, by books, but by real deeds. Consequently, Hegel was convinced that it was enough to consider thinking broadly as an objectively creative process, as a unity of the objective and subjective, so that the limitations of formal logic and its laws were easily revealed. And in the case itself: formal logic, its laws have meaning and significance only if thinking means only subjective activity, the linguistic aspect, the linguistic being of thinking. In other words, when verbal disputes, verbal thoughts of people are considered, then on the basis of formal logical laws (identity, contradiction), we can analyze the process of reflection, reasoning and identify logical errors that arise in our thinking.

Formal or tradition thinking is not just a certain subjective activity occurring in a person’s head; it is a socially developed ideal form of all human practical and subject-transforming activity. [3] If in real activity an individual actively changes the objects of nature, himself and creates the objects he needs, then in thinking he produces the same thing perfectly. Therefore, to think means to shape, to refine your objective world. Emphasizing the fact that thinking is not the property of an individual but it was developed by all mankind in the course of its long socio-historical movement. An individual person in his life only assimilates and appropriates social activity, culture and thinking of society.

Dialectical logic in its goals, methods and functions is a fundamentally different logic. It does not deny the meaning of reasoning, reflection, but it is although a very essential aspect of real thinking. In this understanding, the difference between dialectical logic and formal logic is clearly revealed. It is also unequivocal that the subject of dialectical logic does not coincide with the subject of formal logic, that these two logics study the problem of thinking from different angles.

We suppose that dialectical logic is not further development of formal logic, as it is sometimes presented; it is the result of the development of philosophy. Therefore, the emergence of philosophy, in which dialectics, logic, and the theory of knowledge coincide, is simultaneously the beginning of the existence of dialectical logic. [4] Therefore, in order to comprehend how dialectical logic originated, it is necessary to trace the historical change in the subject of philosophy, to reveal the originality of the socio-historical movement, especially the spiritual atmosphere in which the birth of dialectics was inevitable.

If logic and the forms of thinking are torn off from dialectics, from the universal laws of nature, society and human thinking, then it turns into traditional formal logic, into the science of the formal rules of human subjective mental activity. Something similar happens when the theory of knowledge is separated from dialectics: if you do not understand the theory of knowledge as a function of dialectics, do not consider it as a science that applies the universal laws of nature, society and human thinking to the cognitive process, then it inevitably turns into traditional epistemology, which interprets the cognitive process purely psychologically, since it considers an individual person to be the subject of knowledge and focuses on its supposedly innate cognitive abilities.

We assume that thinking is the result of human activity, an ideal way of movement, therefore, the objective world and thinking are subject to the same universal laws. Therefore, in dialectical logic there are no other universal laws, other than the universal laws of dialectics itself, which is the science of the universal laws of nature, society and human thinking. Hence: dialectical logic is not yet another logic along with others (formal logic, axiomatic logic, etc.); in essence, it is the same dialectic, but turned to the study of the universal laws of the formation and development of human thinking. Furthermore, understanding what dialectic thinking actually is and how to develop it can play a huge role in the mental development of the human mind.

References:

Ilyenkov E.V. Dialectical Logic / M.: "Политиздат" – 1984. – p. 5-15.

Abdildin J. Collected works: Ed.6. Hegel`s Philosophy /Астанаполиграфия– 2011. –p.219

Abdildin J. Collected works. Ed.3. Dialectics of the subject's activity in scientific knowledge /Астанаполиграфия– 2011. –p.139

Vinogradov S.N. and Kuzmin A.F Logic for secondary school. Edition 8 / Государственное Учебно-Педагогическое Издательство Министерства Просвещения Рсфср, Moscow – 1954. – p. 11-13

[Электронный ресурс PDF] – URLhttp://www.pseudology.org/Psyhology/LogikaVinogradov1954.pdf / (дата обращения: 14.03.2020)

I.Kant Collected works: Ed.3 Critique of Pure Reason / М.: Мысль - 1994.-p.487