XII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2020

Nowadays, world community is particularly interested in resolving global problems. One option for addressing planetary threats was the United Nations proposal to develop and implement the concept of “sustainable development”.

The concept of sustainable development is an important step in the achievement by the world community of well-being and unity in the global aspects of their life. Based on this concept, the UN international document forTransforming our world - the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from 2015 to 2030 was developed and adopted: “17 Sustainable Development Goals”. [1]

17 goals include:

No Poverty;

Zero Hunger;

Good Health and Well-being;

Quality Education;

Gender Equality;

Clean Water and Sanitation;

Affordable and Clean Energy;

Decent Work and Economic Growth;

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure;

Reduced Inequality;

Sustainable Cities and Communities;

Responsible Consumption and Production;

Climate Action;

Life Below Water;

Life on Land;

Peace and Justice Strong Institutions;

Partnerships to achieve the Goal.

As part of the concept of 17 goals, the transformation of architectural design as an industry has taken place. In this work, we consider what modern design offers us. Of those listed above goal №11 (Sustainable cities and towns) refers to architectural design. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are highlighted in the Agenda:

By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums;

By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries;

Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage;

By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities;

By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels;

Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials. [2]

Before proceeding to consider the relationship between the tasks identified by us and the prospects opening up in the field of architectural design, it is necessary to understand what is meant by the term “architectural design”.

Architectural design is an activity related to the management and design of a process aimed at building buildings that meet the spiritual and utilitarian needs of a person. [3]

A modern specialist in the field of architecture in his labor activity is able to implement the development and creation of interior design, lighting, furniture, landscape, and he is also able to work as an architect and restorer.

Each of these areas of activity is associated with the tasks that we identified earlier. So, for example, both the architect and the designer of the interior decoration of the house seeks to combine the safety and convenience of housing with an environmentally friendly (i.e., not harmful to the environment) approach in construction. Among other things, an important aspect of the specialist’s work is the preservation of the aesthetic appearance of the building or interior decoration. The landscape designer is responsible for the preservation of the natural heritage fund and the formation of green spaces, both private and public.The restorer directly seeks to protect and preserve the cultural heritage, which is so important for the self-awareness of modern society.

Sustainable architecture, which created by all of the listed specialists, in our time is a guideline for the development of the entire architectural industry as a whole. All of this influenced the emergence of innovative ideas for creating “green” construction (the term is synonymous with the concept of “sustainable architecture”), which can solve such a global problem of our time as the problem of ecology and sustainable development.

Green building (Green construction, Sustainable building) is an industry that includes the construction and operation of buildings with minimal environmental impact. The main objective of green construction is to reduce the level of consumption of resources (energy and material) throughout the entire life cycle of the building: from site selection to design, construction, operation and demolition. [4]

This approach to architectural solutions reflects the “maturity” of the public community and their mindfulness in predicting the future.

Thus, arguing about the relationship between the Agenda adopted by the UN and activities in the field of architectural design, we can say that in this industry, demand creates supply. We trace an analogy between public awareness of the reality of global problems and the emergence of new design solutions in a vision of architecture that reflects the needs of a person of the twenty-first century.

Green Building Principles

Green building provides opportunities to recreate a variety of approaches to designing the appearance of a building, but the concept of sustainable architecture, coupled with the very idea of ​​building an "environmentally friendly" building, impose certain requirements on the choice of materials, the use of construction methods and techniques, etc. When we studying the activities of foreign architects in this direction, our attention was attracted by an article by James Wines (James Wines - the famous American artist and architect, founder and president of the SITE campaign, which is engaged in the ecology and integration of buildings with natural components in their projects, i.e. green construction), dedicated to the principles of green construction [5]. The author notes that the design basis for sustainable architecture should be:

The use of alternative energy sources;

Maximum energy saving of buildings;

Reuse of materials;

Consideration of the natural features of the landscape under construction.

James Wines stresses that sustainable architecture, with its principles and specifics, although it has significant disadvantages in the short term, pays off significantly over time. Ken Young (a Malaysian architect, a scholar in the field of "green architecture", who invented a bioclimatic approach in the design of high-rise buildings and is considered one of the world's leading experts in the field of environmental and energy-saving design) expresses the same idea in one of his interviews. [6]

Modern design solutions

Earlier, we considered technical limitations imposed on the projects of designers and architects, which undoubtedly affect the final product of creative activity. But what kind of ideas are successfully being implemented? Which buildings function for a long time and at the same time have aesthetic harmony? A review of scientific and popular science articles representing the successful and sought-after trends in architectural design in green construction will help to find answers to these questions.

Adaptation of former industrial and factory buildings to new public needs.

The principle of this direction is the maximum “conservation” of the building material of the structure with its subsequent integration into the concept of sustainability: the use of renewable energy sources, recycled materials, energy-saving mechanical systems while maintaining up to 75% of the original structures.

Examples of successful green adaptation of buildings are presented in Helen Morgan's article “The Six Most Amazing Reconstructions of the Present”: Wunderland Kalkar Amusement Park,Southern Pacific Brewing Company, ABC Museo, Umbau Wasserturm – Water Tower, Battersea Power Station, 780 Brewster. [7]

Another direction is the creation of a qualitatively new building based on the principles of "green" construction. This direction is represented, for example, in the works of Jean Nouvel (the DENTSU building in Tokyo and the huge VERTICAL GARDEN in Sydney); William McDonagh (Ford Automotive Energy Saving Plant in Michigan with Environmentally Friendly (relatively) Cleaner Production and Adam Joseph Lewis Research Center at Oberlin College); Ken Young, who builds bioclimatic skyscrapers around the world and writes books on environmental design; Glenna Merkatta, who achieved the Pritzker Prize with his activities in the construction and design of "green" structures of the highest award; Renzo Piano (California Academy of Sciences and the Paris Pompidou Center); Rolfa Disa (Solar House, etc.) [8] Each of the listed architectural works has a unique author's view of the concept: some use an abundance of glass to achieve light saturation, some architects “grow” vegetation right on the buildings, while others prefer environmentally friendly materials and prefer an open plan.

Sustainable architecture design potential

The modern world requires the generation of new approaches to pressing issues. And architecturally, technological progress does not stand still. Very soon in construction, it will become possible to use previously unprecedented approaches.

For example, in an article by Jackie Craven (Jackie Craven - Doctor of Arts, the author of art books on architecture and design), it is argued that in the foreseeable future the architectural world may be struck by such design decisions as water-saving plumbing or collecting rainwater for its reuse. [9]

In another article, authored by Simone Kreutzer and Tommy Weslund, other interesting options are proposed. [10] For example, the idea of ​​modernizing a ventilated facade into an open space is described. It is assumed that this would allow air to escape through the exterior of the building, drawing moisture out of the waterproof membrane, and would also solve the problem of energy conservation, since, presumably, the open space will retain heat in cold weather and keep cool in warm weather.

Among other things, the authors note that in the architecture of the future, special attention will be paid to the roof, which provides additional square meters, which, for example, can be planted with vegetation. This will reduce exposure to direct sunlight and keep the building cool, providing economical operation of cooling systems.

Thus, the potential for design development in the concept of sustainable architecture is rather vast. Already today, architects and designers have ideas for revising the traditional approach to construction. And every year, with the development of the paradigm of sustainable development by mankind, undoubtedly, more and more narrowly focused and effective technical equipment will appear.

References:

Sustainable development [Электронный ресурс] – URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development (дата обращения - 06.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

About the Sustainable Development Goals [Электронный ресурс] – URL:https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (дата обращения – 06.02.2020) – Текст: электронный..

Architectural design [Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://cumminshomedesign.com/blog/2018/5/23/what-is-architectural-design (дата обращения - 07.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Green building [Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building (дата обращения - 07.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

James Wines. Principles Of Building Green [Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://www.britannica.com/art/green-architecture/Principles-of-building-green (дата обращения - 07.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Интервью: "Зеленый стиль" Кена Янга[Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://archi.ru/press/world/25523/zelenyi-stil-kena-yanga (дата обращения - 09.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Helen Morgan. Six Amazing Green Renovations That Turn Industrial Buildings into Architectural Gems[Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://inhabitat.com/6-amazing-green-renovations-that-turn-industrial-buildings-into-architectural-gems/ (датаобращения – 10.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Махотина Александра. Самые успешные "зеленые" архитекторы наших дней[Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://moydom.media/architecture/samye-uspeshnye-zelenye-arhitektory-nashih-dney-476 (дата обращения - 07.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Jackie Craven. A Primer on Green Architecture and Green Design https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-green-architecture-and-green-design-177955 [Электронный ресурс] – URL: (дата обращения - 10.02.2020). – Текст: электронный.

Simone Kreutzer, Tommy Wesslund. 17 sustainable architecture design ideas [Электронныйресурс] – URL: https://kebony.com/us/blog/17-sustainable-architecture-design-ideas (датаобращения - 09.02.2020).– Текст: электронный.