XII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2020

Biography

Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born in the village of Pomor in the village of Denisovka, Arkhangelsk province (now the village of Lomonosovo). In 1731 he entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, posing as a noble son, since serfs were not accepted into the academy. In 1735, he was sent to Petersburg to an academic university, and in 1736 to Germany, where he studied first at Marburg University (1736-1739), under the guidance of the famous physicist and philosopher Christian Wolf, and then at Freiburg Mountain School affairs (1739-1741) at the mountain adviser Johann-Friedrich Genkel, a student of George Stahl. After returning to Russia in 1741, Lomonosov became an associate of the Physical Class of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in 1745 he became an academician and professor of chemistry at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1748, Lomonosov worked at the Academy's Chemical Laboratory, established on his initiative; He was also engaged in chemical research in his home laboratory and at the glass factory he founded in Ust-Ruditsy near St. Petersburg. In 1760 he was elected an honorary member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, in 1864 - a member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences (Italy).

Lomonosov’s creative activity was distinguished by an exceptional breadth of interests. Until 1748, Lomonosov was mainly engaged in physical research, and in the period 1748-1757. his works are mainly devoted to solving theoretical and experimental problems of chemistry. His works related to mathematics, physics, chemistry, earth sciences, astronomy, became the frontier in the development of science, delimiting natural philosophy from experimental natural science. Lomonosov outlined the fundamentals of atomic-particle theory (1741-1750), developed the kinetic theory of heat (1744-1748), justified the need to use physics to explain the phenomena of chemistry (1747-1752), and proposed the name “physical chemistry” for the theoretical part of chemistry, and for the practical part - “technical chemistry”. He also drew attention to the fundamental importance of the law of conservation of matter in chemical reactions.

A wide program of experimental research was carried out in the Chemical Laboratory of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences led by Lomonosov. He developed accurate weighing methods and volumetric methods of quantitative analysis. Carrying out experiments on the firing of metals in sealed vessels, Lomonosov showed that their weight does not change after heating and that Robert Boyle's opinion about the addition of “thermal matter” to metals is erroneous. He studied the solubility of salts at various temperatures, established the facts of lowering the temperature during dissolution of salts and lowering the freezing point of the solution compared to a pure solvent. Lomonosov personally made a large number of rock analyzes. He proved the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, oil, amber. In his “The Word on the Birth of Metals from the Shaking of the Earth” (1757) and in the work “On the Layers of the Earth” (late 1750s, published in 1763), he consistently carried out the idea of the natural evolution of nature.

Lomonosov created in Russia many chemical industries - inorganic pigments, glazes, glass, porcelain. He invented porcelain mass, developed a recipe and technology for the manufacture of colored glass, which he used to create his mosaic paintings. Lomonosov created a series of mosaic portraits (for example, the portrait of Peter I) and the monumental (4.8 x 6.44 m) mosaic "Poltava Battle" (1762-1764). Mosaic works of Lomonosov were highly appreciated by the Russian Academy of Arts, which elected him in 1763 as its member.

The first of the Russian academicians, Lomonosov began to prepare textbooks on chemistry and metallurgy: “The course of physical chemistry” (1754) and “The first foundations of metallurgy, or ore business” (1763). He owes the merit of creating Moscow University, the project and curriculum of which he personally compiled. Lomonosov created the foundations of the Russian chemical language. He also wrote a number of works on history, economics, philology; Along with scientific research, Lomonosov was engaged in literary work and published several odes and tragedies. Throughout his life, the scientist was the initiator of a wide variety of scientific, technical and cultural events aimed at developing the productive forces of Russia and of paramount national importance.

Lomonosov's name is Moscow University, Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, a city in the Leningrad Region (formerly Oranienbaum), a current in the Atlantic Ocean, a mountain range on Novaya Zemlya, an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, a hill on the island of Western Svalbard. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1956 established the MV Lomonosov Gold Medal for outstanding work in the field of chemistry and other natural sciences.

Work in linguistics

Grammar and Style Theory

Lomonosov's “Russian Grammar” is a normative description of the Russian language, which sets out the doctrine of the parts of speech. The orthoepic recommendations of “Russian Grammar” are based on the specifics of the “Moscow dialect”: “The Moscow dialect is not only just for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty” [102]. Lomonosov introduced the concept of artistic expressive techniques.

He developed the stylistic system of the Russian language of the era of classicism - the theory of three calmnesses (the book "Reasoning on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language").

Poetry theory and practice

M. V. Lomonosov, together with V. K. Trediakovsky, carried out a syllabonic-tonic reform (“Letter on the rules of Russian poetry”), and it was precisely the experiments of Lomonosov that were considered by the poets as exemplary. He created a classic Russian four-foot iamba following the German model, initially “heavy” full-impact (odes to John Antonovich, “Evening Thinking”), then facilitated by omissions of stresses. The founder of the Russian solemn (addressed to the rulers) and philosophical ode. Lomonosov’s poetry is full of scientific, cosmic and natural philosophical imagery (a didactic message to Shuvalov, “Reflections”); he contributed to the Russian satire (The Anthem of the Beard, epigrams). The unfinished poem Peter the Great was an attempt at a national epic. Many lines of Lomonosov became winged.

The role of Lomonosov in the history of literature

1. Lomonosov did a tremendous job in developing the Russian literary language on a folk basis, completed the reform of Russian versification begun by Trediakovsky, and reinforced it with his poetic works.

2. Lomonosov contributed to the creation of Russian classicism, a progressive trend at that time, and was the father of that solemn ode, which after it became a popular genre in Russian literature of the 18th-19th centuries.

3. The poetry of Lomonosov, deeply ideological, patriotic, civically directed, greatly contributed to the rapid and successful development of Russian literature. And as a scientist and as a poet, Lomonosov devoted all his knowledge and strength to serving the people and the motherland. His whole life was full of unregulated creative pursuits and a heroic struggle with the enemies that in every possible way impeded his transformative activities in the field of education. In his dying notes, Lomonosov, by the way, writes: “I suffer because I try to protect the work of Peter the Great so that the Russians can learn, to show their dignity ... I don’t care about death: I lived, suffered and know that the children of the fatherland will regret me ... "

References:

Биографии великих химиков. Перевод с нем. под ред. Быкова Г.В. – М.: Мир, 1981

Будилович А. С. Ломоносов как натуралист и филолог. СПб. 1869

Ломоносов М. В. Российская грамматика. — СПб.: Имп. Акад. наук, 1755

Меншуткин Б. Н. Ломоносов, Михаил Васильевич // Русский биографический словарь : в 25 томах. — СПб.—М., 1896—1918

https://rvb.ru/18vek/lomonosov/

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