XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019

Today in the world, the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources (NVE) has reached the industrial level felt in the energy balance of a number of countries. The scale of use of NVE in the world is continuously and intensively increasing. This direction is one of the most dynamically developing among other directions in power engineering [1,2].

In recent years, more and more attention is drawn to non-traditional energy sources: solar radiation, sea, tides and waves, geothermal, wind energy, biomass energy and more. Some of them, such as wind and biomass energy, have been widely used in the past, and are now experiencing a rebirth.

The problem of waste disposal is of great ecological, economic and energy-saving importance. The most promising option for processing production waste into a valuable fertilizer material is anaerobic digestion, which is accompanied by the production of biogas.

Special attention is paid to the development of biogas production technologies resulting from the utilization of agricultural waste.

Waste biomass farms and liquid components are contaminants of the environment. Increased susceptibility of crops to waste leads to contamination of groundwater and air basin, creates a favorable environment for soil contamination by harmful microorganisms. In animal waste, the life activity of pathogenic bacteria and helminth eggs does not stop, the seeds of weeds contained in it retain their properties.

To eliminate these negative phenomena, a special technology of biomass waste utilization is required, which allows to increase the concentration of nutrients and simultaneously eliminate unpleasant odors, suppress pathogenic microorganisms, reduce the content of carcinogenic substances and obtain an additional source of energy.

The inclusion of bioenergy plants for biomass processing in the production cycle allows to solve some problems: to dispose of waste in the areas of production and processing of agricultural products and improve the environmental situation; to obtain additional energy resources based on local renewable raw materials; to obtain cheap environmentally friendly organic fertilizers and to ensure the process of restoration and increase

At the same time, according to domestic and foreign researchers and practitioners, using advanced technologies and properly organizing the activities of the economic unit, agribusiness managers can turn their enterprises into efficient, economically viable and environmentally friendly farms [5,6]. This refers exclusively to the problem of recycling of agricultural waste.

As biofuels can be used and by-products of crops, such as straw and tops (table.1). Lignin has a great influence on the intensity of biomass fermentation. It practically does not decompose during fermentation and does not participate in the process of methane formation. For this reason, the output of gas from the excrement of ruminants that need feed with a high content of crude fiber is much less than that of chickens and pigs.

Table 1-composition of by-products in % to dry matter

Components	Straw				Top
	wheat	barley	rye	maize	Beet	Potato
Organic mass	93,8	94,4	95,4	91,7	98,5	78,9
Nitrogen	0,6	0,5	0,5	1,2	2,0	2,3
Phosphorus	0,1	0,1	0,1	0,2	0,3	0,2
Potassium	1,4	0,8	0,9	2,3	3,9	1,7
Calcium	0,3	0,1	0,2	0,8	1,4	2,6
Crude fiber	43,5	45,5	47,5	33,3	11,5	23,8
Lignin	15-20	15-20	15-20	5,5	-	-
C/N	84	90-165	80-150	30-65	18	17

During the fermentation of plant material with high carbon content, degradable, it is necessary to add substances rich in nitrogen, like chicken manure or pig manure to obtain a C/N ratio in the required limits. The uneven yield of biogas from the fermentation time is observed for almost all types of organic materials subjected to methane fermentation. A certain amount of methane continues to be released even after 100 days of fermentation (Fig. 1) [3].

Figure 1 - Biogas yield per 1 g of OWLS depending on the duration of fermentation at a temperature of 34°C: 1-grass; 2-straw;3 - the excrement of cattle

Currently, the problem of waste disposal of agricultural production and industry is given great importance. In many countries, created, tested and put into operation bioenergy plants (BEP), including Ethnologue (BGU) and biogas (BSU) installation. Depending on the technological scheme, continuous, periodic and accumulative installations are distinguished [3]. At the same time, all bioenergy plants can be divided into industrial and individual. Industrial plants include biogas plants, processing effluents of powerful enterprises, biogas plants-analogues of" European " models and large agricultural complexes that allow producing methane fermentation oforganic waste. Individual installations are designed to cover the needs of small and medium-sized farms, households, houses and greenhouses.

According to the design, biogas plants can be divided into four main types: without heat supply and mixing of the fermented substrate; with heat supply and mixing of the fermented substrate; with preliminary preparation of the substrate for fermentation,heat supply, mixing, control and management of the anaerobic process.

Depending on the configuration of methane tanks, there are three main types of BEU: with a single-stage methane tank; with consistently connected methane tanks operating in a single mode; with parallel installed methane tanks, each of which operates independently of the others and can be switched off for unloading and removal of silt.

The use of biogas in production and living conditions is the most important problem of today. Biogas can be used to heat water in technological processes, to produce ethanol and gas with a high methane content, to produce electric energy; as a gaseous fuel in internal combustion engines, drying plants. The remaining sludge after processing is used as a valuable organic fertilizer. It should be noted that methane fermentation of manure excludes the release of odors during processing, which improves the sanitary condition near livestock enterprises, reduces the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, pollution of sewage and soil.

Literature

Bezzubtseva M. M., Karpov V. N., Volkov V. S. Energy security of agriculture-textbook, 2012. – SPb.: Spbgau, -242 p.

Bezzubtsev M. M., Volkov V. S., Kotov A. V. energy-Efficient electrotechnologies in agricultural and environmental management study guide , 2012. – SPb.: Spbgau. – 260 p.

Bezzubtseva M. M., Kovalev M. E. Electrical engineering of processing and storage of agricultural products - textbook , 2012. – SPb.: Spbgau. - 242 p.

Kolesnikov A. p. reference manual. Norms and diets of feeding of farm animals. M: Agropromizdat. 2005. - 352s.

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