XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019

Every person wants his speech to be rich, emotional and expressive. One of the main ways to achieve this is the reasonable use of various stable expressions, idioms, proverbs, sayings, winged words. The expression “winged word” goes back to the ancient Greek poet Homer, in the poems of which (“Odyssey” and “Iliad”) it occurs many times (“The winged words were quietly exchanged among themselves”, “He said the winged word”, “The voice raised and threw the winged word"). By this, Homer emphasized the property of the word - to be transmitted to the ear instantly. Over time, the Homeric expression "winged words" has become the term for linguistics and stylistics. Likewise, proverbs and sayings originate from ancient times, but in spite of this, people now widely use them in their speech. As you know, the speech is made up of words, and "winged" expressions are made up of "winged" words. In this article, we will pay special attention to the structure of "popular expressions", which were written by famous commanders and military leaders. It should be noted that many of the expressions are firmly included in the army vocabulary and become a kind of proverb.

There is no doubt that proverbs are the treasure of any language. They reflect the history of the people, the peculiarity of their culture and way of life. With the help of stable expressions, the aesthetic aspect of the language is enhanced, as they possess great stylistic possibilities: they make speech colorful and figurative. Phraseological units, in addition to a certain semantic content, also encompass a wealth of expressive and stylistic shades. We can agree with the expression of the Russian language expert I. Anichkov, that “with their help, as with the help of various shades of colors, the informational aspect of the language is complemented by a sensual and intuitive description of our world and life” [1, 15].

A proverb is a figurative saying that generalizes various phenomena of life and usually has an edifying meaning. Or another definition of the proverb, as "short, rhythmically organized, stable in speech, figurative folk dictum." Often a proverb is the domain of only one language.

The proverb, used in a figurative sense, on the principle of analogy, in its literal sense, concludes aphoristically concise expression of any facet of national experience (e.g., "You reap what you sow "). The subject of the statement is viewed in the light of the generally accepted truth, expressed by the proverb. The compositional structure of judgment in a proverb (usually a two-sided one), often supported by rhythm, rhyme, repetition, coincides with the syntactic one. Idioms are similar to proverbs, but, unlike them, are not complete sentences. With the help of proverbs, which are not translated literally, the aesthetic aspect of the language is enhanced.

Having considered a number of sayings left to us by well-known commanders and later became proverbs, we conducted some interconnection in their structure and classified them into semantic groups.

From the point of view of the grammatical component, we have identified the following structures that are most often found in the construction of the analyzed sayings:

1) sayings having in their basis verbs in the passive voice:

“The next World War will be fought with stones”. (Einstein).

“I am not afraid of the army of lions, led by a sheep; I fear the army of sheep led by a lion”. (Alexander the Great)

“Without a general, the army is lost.”

“Any action can be done in three ways: correctly, as in the army”.

“The army is poison, and the people are water in which the poison is mixed.”

2) sayings with comparative constructions:

“An army without a commander, like a child without a mother”.

“It is more difficult to bridle the tongue then to conquer”.

“The army is a big family, but it’s better to be an orphan”.

“An army without a political instructor is like a village without a fool”.

“The higher peaked cap, the feebler army”.

3) sayings using ing - forms:

"Diplomats are finishing in on it." (Rogers)

"There are causes worth dying for, but none worth killing for". (Albert Camus)

"You can have peace. Or you can have freedom. Don’t ever count on having both at once." (Robert A. Heinlein)

"Patriots always talk of dying for their country and never of killing for their country."(Bertrand Russell)

After analyzing the lexical component of the "winged" expressions of military subjects, we have identified the following semantic groups:

1) humorous / sarcastic expressions:

“Who served in the army, doesn’t laugh in circus”.

“In army all is parallel and perpendicular”.

“Any action can be done in three ways: correctly, incorrectly and as in the army”. “An army marches on its stomach”.

“The army is a struggle; before lunch - with a hunger, after lunch - with a sleeping”.

“God created war so that Americans would learn geography”. (Mark Twain)

2) political:

"Diplomats are finishing in on it." (Rogers)

"War does not determine who is right - only who is left." (Bertrand Russell)

"But when will our leaders learn - war is not the answer." (Helen Thomas)

3) laudatory (praising and glorifying commanders, brave soldiers, emphasizing their dignity and bravery in battle):

“An army without a commander, like a child without a mother”.

“Without a general an army is lost”.

“I am not afraid of the army of lions, led by a sheep; I fear the army of sheep led by a lion”. (Alexander the Great)

4) philosophical (describing the relationship of fathers and children, the historical experience of the people, etc.):

“The army is poison, and the people are water in which the poison mixes.” (People’s Liberation War of 1612)

“The tragedy of war is that it uses man's best to do man's worst”.

"The next World War will be fought with stones". (Einstein)

"You can have peace. Or you can have freedom. Don’t ever count you both at once." (Robert A. Heinlein)

"In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons." (Herodotus)

After analyzing the lexico-grammatic features of the sayings of commanders and military leaders, it can be concluded that the grammatical phenomena considered in this report are widely used in the construction of "winged expressions", making them concise, brief, but informative. From the point of view of the lexical component, we note the moralizing nature of the sayings, the authors attempt to transfer their experience to the younger generation and to avoid the repetition of the mistakes of their ancestors. The examples cited clearly emphasize the inviolability of positive actions.

REFERENCES

Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Joint Publication 1-02. - US Department of Defense, 2009. - 780 p.

Аничков И. Е. Труды по языкознанию. – СПб., 1997. – 510 с.

Казакова Т. А. Практические основы перевода. – СПб., 2001. – 320 с.

Кунин А. В. Большой англо-русский фразеологический словарь. – М., 1984. – 944 с.

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