XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019

Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek C. 287 - C. 212 BC ) was a Greek mathematician , physicist , engineer , inventor , and astronomer .Although few details of his life are known, he is considered one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity, generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time . Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concepts of infinitesimal and the method of exhaustion to deduce and rigorously prove a number of geometric theorems , including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere , and the area under a parabola .

Archimedes was born c . 287 BC in the seaport of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Gracia , located along the coast of southern Italy . The date of birth is based on the statement of the Byzantine Greek historian John Zetz that Archimedes lived for 75 years.

Archimedes ' Principle

The most famous anecdote about Archimedes tells how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius , a crown of honor for the temple was delivered to king Hiero II of Syracuse , who supplied pure gold , and Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver was replaced by an dishonest jeweler. Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he couldn't melt it into a regular-shaped body to calculate its density While taking a bath, he noticed that the water level in the tank had risen when he entered, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes, water is incompressible, so the submerged crown displaces the amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the mass of the corona by the volume of displaced water, the density of the corona could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals were added. The test was successful, proving that the silver was indeed mixed.

After death

Unlike Euclid, Archimedes was remembered in antiquity only occasionally. If we know something about his work, it is only because of the interest that fed to them in Constantinople in 6-9 century.Eutoki, a mathematician born in the late 5th century, commented on at least three of the work of Archimedes, apparently the most famous at the time: the ball and the cylinder, the measurement of the circle and the equilibrium of flat figures. The work of Archimedes and comments Evdokia studied and taught mathematics, Anfimov of thrall and Isidore of Miletus, the architects of the Cathedral of St. Sofia, erected in Constantinople in the reign of Emperor Justinian. Reform of teaching mathematics, which was held in

Constantinople in the 9th century. Leo of Thessalonica, apparently, contributed to the collection of works of Archimedes. Then he became known to Muslim mathematicians. Now we see that the Arab authors lacked some of Archimedes ' most important works, such as the quadrature of the parabola, the spirals, the conoids and spheroids, the Calculus of grains of sand, and the method. But in General, the Arabs mastered the methods outlined in other works of Archimedes, and often used them brilliantly.

In IX—XI centuries works of Archimedes were translated into Arabic, which from XIII century appear in Western Europe in Latin translation. From the sixteenth century begin to come out of the printed edition of Archimedes, in the XVII–XIX centuries are being translated into new languages. The first edition of some works of Archimedes in Russian refers to 1823. Some works of Archimedes did not reach us or are known only in fragments, and his "Message to Eratosthenes" was found only in 1906.

Recently, previously unknown works of Archimedes were found. American scientists from the Walters Museum of art in Baltimore found several previously unknown texts written by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes. Unique records were hidden under the pictures, put on top of the text.

Experts were able to read the treatises of Archimedes, without destroying the surface layer. Texts were written on parchment from goat skins in X century. Three centuries later, the scrolls came to the Jerusalem monastery. The monks turned the parchment into a palimpsest-they cleaned off the texts of Archimedes, put Greek Orthodox prayers on top of them, cut the sheets in half and made a 174-page book out of them. Since the pages were sewn in random order, some fragments of the works of Archimedes can be irretrievably lost.

In the twentieth century, some "craftsmen", wanting to increase the value of this sensational finds and sell it expensive, finished in gold paint on parchment illustration of religious content. As a result, the original text was almost completely destroyed and scientists were able to decipher it only with the help of x-ray fluorescent equipment, which is usually used by geologists and biologists. The parchment was passed through a synchrotron (electron accelerator), and, due to the fact that the ancient scribe used ink with an iron-containing pigment, the text became distinguishable. This work was very laborious - it took about twelve hours to restore the text of one page.

Among the miraculously discovered works of Archimedes - " Method of mechanical theorems "and" Stomachion", previously known only by one copy, as well as a unique treatise"on floating bodies." Currently, experts are studying the works of the great mathematician and philosopher.

Archimedes ' ideas were almost two millennia ahead of their time. Only in the XVII century, scientists have been able to continue and develop the works of the great Greek mathematician. Only then was their true meaning revealed.

Sources

1 https://ru.wikipedia.org

2 https://obrazovaka.ru

3 http://obshe.net/

4 https://www.nastroy.net

5 https://24smi.org