XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019

Architecture as an art is closely connected with society and culture. If the expression "style is a person" is sometimes quite applicable to painting and sculpture, it would be more correct to say that "style is an era" in relation to architecture.

European culture of the XVII-XVII centuries has replenished the variety of architectural trends with two new bright styles by means of which self-expression of the fundamental ideas of the time took place. These great trends were Baroque and Classicism. Both architectural trends developed on the basis of Renaissance, however, both styles received a completely different image and ideological foundations. Both Baroque and classicism had a strong influence on various areas of culture – literature, painting, architecture, music, theater.

In architecture Baroque and Classicism became the direct development of the ideas of the XVII century, the beginning of the New time. It is recognized that their close relationship, inherent only in a particular direction of features, also quite a lot.

Baroque originated in Italy and was prevalent in the European art until the mid-18th century. Classicism was also characteristic of the art of Europe and particularly showed itself in the second half of the XVIII century. The Baroque style was intended to demonstrate luxury and wealth, it was characterized by increased emotionality, dynamism, irrationalism and expression, while classicism was characterized by the embodiment of the best examples of antiquity, noble simplicity, rationalism, it followed the principles of order, consistency and uniformity.

The Baroque architecture is characterized by the following features:

- showiness and loftiness.,

- pretentiousness and complexity of forms,

- spatial illusions that distort the proportions of the building,

- play of light and shadow.

Among the characteristic features of the architecture of classicism we can point out:

- the feeling of mightiness and immensity,

- austerity of forms,

- balance of parts, harmony of proportions,

- functionality, order.

Baroque is the dominant style in the European art of late XVI - mid-XVIII centuries. Baroque architecture is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms, composed of bizarre, asymmetric patterns. Large-scale colonnades, massive Grand staircases, volutes, abundance of sculptures on the facades and in the interiors, rusticated columns and pilasters, a large number of projections to the surface of the facades, segmental facades with the pilaster side in the middle, stucco moulding, wall painting, incised ornament are common to find. Domes acquire complex shapes, they are often multi-tiered.

Pastel and muted tones are used along with contrasting colors - red, white, pink, blue and yellow in the palette of the Baroque style.

Classicism emerged only in short order after Baroque and its very emersion was caused by an attempt to dispute the ideas and principles incident to Baroque. It reflected the needs of the bourgeoisie and its inherent philosophy of rationalism. Preachers of Classicism considered Baroque to be wrong, unclear and confusing in terms of a clearly defined and balanced rules of the ancient classics.

The architectural style of Classicism was created in the latter days of Renaissance by the masters Palladio and his follower Scamozzi from Venetia. The main feature of the classical architecture was the appeal to the ancient architecture as the quintessence of severity, simplicity, harmony, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of Classicism in general is characterized by regularity of planning and clarity of the volume form. The basis of the architecture of Classicism was the order close to the times of antiquity in proportions and forms. The era of Classicism is characterized by symmetrical-axial composition, restraint in the decoration, the regular system of urban planning.

Baroque architecture is characterized by riot and dynamism of forms but Classicism is characterized by harmony and balance of all parts. Spatial illusions, distorting the proportions and giving the immensity are used in the Baroque style. Classicism is based on the harmony of proportions originating in the ancient tradition.

Both styles developed in the era of Modern age and made a huge contribution to the history of art, adding to the cultural heritage of Europe's by the great architectural structures, the names of talented architects, influenced the appearance of European cities and the further development of architecture and urban planning.

After three hundred years since the end of the calendar XVII century these styles have not faded and are still used in this day and age. The main idea of these styles does not leave anyone indifferent and the new architects use them in their projects. The main features that arouse interest in the Baroque and classical styles are luxury and moderate wealth. Now as before, people want to reflect prosperity and grandiosity, demonstrative state of their wealth, rigor, single images, balance of details and much more that is just incident to these styles.

LITERATURE:

1. Kokorev M.F. Classicism and Baroque: two styles of the same epoch // Symposium series, Baroque and Classicism in the history of the world culture., Issue 17 / Materials of the International Scientific Conference St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Philosophical Society, 2001.

2. Robinson A.N. Development of Baroque and the rise of Classicism in Russia in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Publisher - "Science", 1989.

3. Gnedich P.P. Art History. Western European Baroque and Classicism. Publishing House - Eksmo, 2005.

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