XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019

For many centuries the therapeutic effect of cold has been used for hardening of the body, anesthetizing, relieving inflammation and restoring mental balance. Around c. 2.5 thousand years BC, the Egyptians used the therapeutic effect of cold. Mention of the use of the healing properties of cold is made in the Smith papyrus, in the works of Hypocrates, N.I. Pirogov. and others. Cryotherapy is a section of physiotherapy, where the use of cold is a major factor. Therapeutic effects that are achieved with the use of cryotherapy:

• Removal of spasm, pain, swelling, inflammation;

• Regulation of muscle tone;

• Improving motor function;

• Improving metabolism;

• Strengthening immunity;

• Recovery of regenerative function;

• Improvement of psychophysiological state.[6]

The basis of the effect of cryotherapy on the body is a rapid decrease in the temperature of the tissues under the influence of the cold factor within the range of cryostability (5-10 C). Recent studies show that the majority of skin receptors are polyvalent in their function, that provides the adaptive capabilities of receptors depending on the nature of the influence of the external environment. Some of these receptors located in the vascular wall, are also very sensitive to the effects of temperature stimuli.[3]

According to the degree of cryo-effects achieved with the help of coolants that may be in solid, liquid or gaseous aggregative state, the following cryotherapy methods are distinguished:

1) Usage of moderately low temperatures from +20 to –30;

2) Application of low temperatures from –30 to –180;[5]

Depending on the area of ​​the body exposed, local and general cryotherapy is distinguished;[7]

Local cryotherapy is a method of physiotherapy, which is exposure to refrigerants to remove heat from certain areas of the human body surface to the extent that the temperature of the tissues decreases within their cryostability and does not cause significant changes in the body's thermoregulation.

The mechanisms of therapeutic effects of local cryotherapy are the following: the elimination of muscle tone, reducing pain, reducing swelling.

Vasoconstriction during cryo-exposure is the body’s first protective response to cooling and is aimed at preserving heat. The second protective reaction is the expansion of the lumen of blood vessels, which contributes to enhanced heat generation.

The effect of cryotherapy on the neuromuscular system is associated with the excitation of skin receptors. Prolonged cooling causes their inhibition. Therefore, the shorter the procedure, the higher the tonicity of cryotherapy. A longer procedure, on the contrary, has a spasmolytic effect.

Cryotherapy can have adverse reactions and complications such as: pallor and blueness of the skin with the absence of all types of sensitivity. In the reactive period (after warming) pain, itching, tingling, paresthesia, swelling, skin hyperemia, blistering with serious contents may occur.

First aid includes cotton-gauze bandage, wrapping, hot drink.

Contraindications to be considered are: impaired peripheral blood circulation (Raynaud's disease), enteritis obliterans, sickle cell anemia, hypersensitivity to cold factor, the presence of an implant in the tissues, early childhood. [4]

In logopedic practice it is more expedient to use massage with ice cubes. It is carried out in the following way: the ice is wrapped in a napkin, while the working surface of the piece of ice is not wrapped, as well as massage with ice of acupuncture points is used. It was found that ice massage is a more active cryotherapeutic procedure than the application of cold badaza. [1]

The neurophysiological mechanism of local action by an ice cube on the hands is that the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex are activated, and their development occurs. The interrelation between the sensory and motor efferent zones has been proved. Activation of these areas of the cerebral cortex of the child leads to the strengthening and increase of synaptic connections.[2]

At the beginning of the last century, Canadian neurosurgeon Weider Penfield created functional maps of the cerebral surface cortex, in which the representation in the cerebral cortex of various muscles and organs of the human body is shown as uneven. So the fingers, lips and tongue occupy much larger areas. The size of the projection of the hand and its proximity to the motor speech zone, suggests that the thin training of the fingers and the sensory effect of ice on the fingers and hands has a great influence on the development of the active speech of the child.

Conducting cryotherapy at a corrective speech therapy session does not require special equipment. The only thing you need are pieces of ice and an individual towel.

Cryotherapy is carried out in three stages:

Stage 1.Rubbing. Self-massage of hands. Finger gymnastics.

Stage 2. Cryo-exposure with a piece of ice is performed slowly from the tips of the fingers to the palm and back three times, starting with the thumb. This is followed by a cold effect on the palm in a spiral, starting from the center. Repeat the procedure once on the back of the hand. Rub the brush with a towel. Do the same with the other hand.

Stage 3 The development of tactile sensitivity, which includes massage of hands with the help of Su-Jok balls, brushes, stroking objects of different textures.

The procedure is recommended daily or every other day. The course includes 10-12 procedures during t autumn, winter and spring.[8]

The effectiveness of cryotherapy usage in speech therapy practice has been confirmed when working with preschoolers.

Literature:

1. Akimenko V.M. New Speech Therapy Technologies 2nd ed., Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2009, -105с

2. Arkhipova EF. Logopedic work with young children. -M.: Astrel, 2006, -223s.

3. Baranov A.Yu., Kidalov V.N. Cold treatment. - M.: April, 2000. - 160s.

4. Bogolyubov M.V. Technique and methods of physiotherapy procedures. -M :. Medicine, 2004. -354-360s.

5. Bogolyubov V. M., Ponomarenko G. N. General physiotherapy: Textbook. - M.: Medicine, 1999. - p. 306-310.

6. Grigorieva V.D., Suzdalnitsky D.V. // Questions of balneology 1991, № 5, p. 65-73.

7. Portnov V.V. General and local air cryotherapy // Collection of articles. - 2005. - p. 3-15

8. Semenova KA, Stepanchenko OV, Vinogradova L.I., Panchenko I.I. The artificial network method of hypothermia in the correction of dysarthria in children with cerebral palsy // Defectology, 2000, №6

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