XI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2019
PECULIARITIES OF USING THE LINGUISTIC METHODS IN TRANSLATION PRACTICE
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In our time the desire to speak English is increasing. However, students entering a technical University are primarily focused on the disciplines of their specialty. But in the process of learning it becomes clear that engineering is currently developing on a global scale, and English is becoming a means of learning experience and advanced knowledge, as well as a necessary tool for professional development. In addition, the engineer may face a variety of tasks, which will require English language skills. Such situations may include:
- professional training of foreign specialists;
- participation in international educational programs, projects, grants, etc.;
- cooperation with foreign partners on various production issues;
- operational solution of production tasks that require knowledge of English;
- exchange of professional knowledge and professional experience with foreign colleagues.
A technical specialist requires translation skills to read and understand professional and technical literature and documentation written in English. Also these skills may be required when working with modern foreign software packages that solve technical problems, to compile reviews on foreign sources of information, etc.
In the translation of foreign (in particular English) texts in the specialty of engineering any professional is faced with some difficulties of translation. He must know that systems of languages differ from each other, and it must be taken into account while translating. For example, if you translate the phrase “I am short of money” word by word, you will notice that literal translation does not carry a semantic load and is incorrect.
In order to properly and clearly translate the text, it is necessary to know translation techniques. For example, when using the “lexical-semantic replacement” in the above sentence, you can get the following type of translation: “I do not have enough money”. Thus, after the application of this translation method the correct translation of the sentence is received.
As a wider example of the use of translation techniques we consider the article [1] and analyze its translation (Table 1):
“The diode tube. An electron tube, also called a vacuum valve, consists of a glass or metal enclosure in which electrodes are placed and sealed in either a gaseous or an evacuated atmosphere. The simplest of electron tubes is the diode, which has two operating electrodes. One of these is the heated cathode, which emits the electrons, and the other is the plate or anode. The cathode may be directly heated or indirectly heated. The tube with the directly heated cathode utilizes the heated filament for the cathode, in this case the filament is coated with a special material which greatly increases the number of electrons emitted. If the tube has an indirectly heated cathode, the cathode consists of a metal tube in the centre of which is a filament or heater. The heater is insulated from the metal tube. The outside of the cathode tube is covered with an electron-emitting material such as barium oxide, strontium oxide or thorium oxide.
Thе principal advantagе оf thе diоdе tubе is that it pеrmits thе flоw оf currеnt in оnе dirеctiоn оnly, that is, frоm thе hеatеd cathоdе tо thе anоdе. If an altеrnating currеnt is appliеd tо thе cathоdе, thе tubе will cоnduct оnly during оnе half оf еach cyclе, that is, whilе thе cathоdе is nеgativе and thе anоdе оr platе is pоsitivе. Fоr this rеasоn diоdе tubеs arе оftеn usеd as rеctifiеrs tо changе altеrnating currеnt tо dirеct currеnt. Diоdе tubеs arе usеd in thе pоwеr-supply circuits оf such еlеctrоnic dеvicеs as radiо and tеlеvisiоn, which оbtain thеir primary pоwеr frоm a. c. sоurcеs.
Another use of the diode tube is as a detector. In this application the tube changes the peak value of the amplitude of the carrier wave into a direct current.In this application the tube changes the h. f. a. c. carrier wave into a direct current”.
Table 1. – Analysis of translation techniques
|
Original sentence in English |
Its translation into Russian |
Translation techniques |
|
|
1 |
The diode tube |
Диодная трубка |
Literal translation |
|
2 |
An electron tube, also called a vacuum valve, consists of a glass or metal enclosure in which electrodes are placed and sealed in either a gaseous or an evacuated atmosphere. |
Электронная трубка, также называемая вакуумным клапаном, состоит из стеклянной или металлической оболочки, в которой электроды размещены и запечатаны в газовой атмосфере или вакууме. |
“evacuated atmosphere” (вакуумнаяатмосфера) «вакууме» Replacement of a phrase by one word |
|
3 |
The simplest of electron tubes is the diode, which has two operating electrodes. |
Простейшей из электронных ламп является диод, в состав которого входят два рабочих электрода. |
“which has” (которыйимеет) «всоставкотороговходят» Replacement of phrase by its contextualequivalent |
|
4 |
One of these is the heated cathode, which emits the electrons, and the other is the plate or anode. |
Одним из них является нагретый катод, который испускает электроны, а другой – пластина или анод. |
“heated” (с подогревом) «нагретый» Replacement of the parts of speech, namely replacement of the participle by the adjective |
|
5 |
The cathode may be directly heated or indirectly heated. |
Катод может быть нагрет непосредственно или опосредованно. |
“directly” (прямо) «непосредственно» “indirectly” (косвенно) «опосредованно» Antonymic translation Omission of repeated words |
|
6 |
The tube with the directly heated cathode utilizes the heated filament for the cathode, in this case the filament is coated with a special material which greatly increases the number of electrons emitted. |
Трубка с катодом с прямым нагревом использует нить накала для катода, в этом случае нить покрыта специальным материалом, который значительно увеличивает количество испускаемых электронов. |
“directly heated” (непосредственный нагрев) «прямой нагрев» Replacing words by synonyms “the directly heated cathode” (катод с прямым нагревом) Repositioning “heated filament” (нагретаянить) «нитьнакала» Replacement of the parts of speech, namely replacement of the participle by the noun “number” (номер) «количество» Replacement by a contextual synonym «electrons emitted» (излученныеэлектроны) «испускаемыеэлектроны» Replacement of a phrase by an established term |
|
7 |
If the tube has an indirectly heated cathode, the cathode consists of ametal tube in the centre of which is a filament or heater. |
Если трубка имеет опосредованно нагретый катод, то он состоит из металлической трубки, в центре которой находится нить или нагреватель. |
“cathode” (катод) «он» Replacement of a noun by a pronoun |
|
8 |
The heater is insulated from the metal tube. |
Нагреватель изолирован от металлической трубки. |
Literal translation |
|
9 |
The outside of the cathode tube is covered with an electron-emitting material such as barium oxide, strontium oxide or thorium oxide. |
Внешняя сторона катодной трубки покрыта электронно-излучающим материалом, таким как оксид бария, оксид стронция или оксид тория. |
“the outside of the cathode tube” (снаружи катодной трубки) «внешняя сторона катодной трубки» Replacement of the word by a synonym (phrase) |
|
10 |
The principal advantage of the diode tube is that it permits the flow of current in one direction only, that is, from the heated cathode to the anode. |
Основным преимуществом диодной трубки является то, что она пропускает поток тока только в одном направлении, то есть от нагретого катода до анода. |
“the principal” (главный) «основной» Replacement of the word by a synonym “permits the flow” (разрешаетпоток) «пропускаетпоток» Replacement of the word by a contextual synonym |
|
11 |
If an alternating current is applied to the cathode, the tube will conduct only during one half of each cycle, that is, while the cathode is negative and the anode or plate is positive. |
Если к катоду подается переменный ток, трубка будет проводить его только в течение половины каждого цикла, то есть, в то время пока катод будет отрицательным, а анод или пластина будет положительной. |
“if an alternating current is applied to the cathode” (Если переменный ток подается на катод) «Если к катоду передается переменный ток» Conversion «one half» (одной половины) «половины» Omission |
|
12 |
For this reason diode tubes are often used as rectifiers to change alternating current to direct current. |
На этом основании диодные трубки часто используются в качестве выпрямителей для изменения переменного тока на постоянный. |
“for this reason” (поэтойпричине) «наэтомосновании» Replacement of a word combination by a synonym “as” (как) «вкачестве» Replacement of the adverb by the preposition «alternating current to direct current» «переменного тока на постоянный » Elimination of duplicate words |
|
13 |
Diode tubes are used in the power-supply circuits of such electronicdevices as radio and television, which obtain their primary power from a. c. sources. |
Диодные трубки используются в цепях питания таких электронных устройств, как радио и телевидение, которые получают свою основную мощность от источника переменного тока. |
“the power-supply circuits” (схемы электропитания) «цепипитания» Replacement of the phrase by the synonym “primary power” (первичнаямощность) «основнаямощность» Replacement of the word by a synonym «a. c.» «переменныйток» Replacement of the abbreviation by the full name of the term |
|
14 |
Another use of the diode tube is as a detector. |
Другое использование диодной трубки может быть в качестве детектора. |
“is as a” (является как) «Можетбытьвкачестве» Replacement of a word combination by a contextualequivalent |
|
15 |
In this application the tube changes the h. f. a. c. carrier wave into a direct current. |
В этом применении труба изменяет высокочастотную несущую волну переменного тока в постоянный ток. |
«h. f. a. c. carrier wave» «высокочастотную несущую волну переменного тока» Deploymentoftheabbreviation |
On the example of the analysis of this text we can make sure that only through the use of translation techniques you can get the correct translation. However, we must not forget that a simple literal translation plays an equally important role. In most technical texts it is one of the most important ways of translation.
In conclusion, we would like to note that knowledge of English, and in particular the ability to use translation techniques is an important quality of a person working in the technical sphere. People with this knowledge are more in demand in the labor market, their range of opportunities is expanded and employees with these skills are as a rule more confident in climbing the career ladder.
List of references:
1) https://www.britannica.com/technology/radio-technology (date of appeal: 02.01.18)