X Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2018

Micheal Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 in the village of Newington Butts, near

London (now Greater London), in the blacksmith's family. The family - father, James (1761-1810), mother Margaret (1764-1838), brothers Robert and Michael, sister Elizabeth and Margaret - lived together, but in need, so in the 13 years Michael, leaving the school, began to work messenger in the London bookstore owned by a French emigrant Ribot. After the trial period, he became (ibid) apprentice bookbinder. Faraday had not managed to get a formal education, but soon showed curiosity and a passion for reading. In the shop there were many scientific books; in later memoirs Faraday highlighted book on electricity and chemistry, with the course of the reading, he immediately began to carry out simple independent experiments. Father and older brother Robert as far as possible encouraged Michael thrust for knowledge supported him financially and helped to make the simplest source of electricity - "Leyden jar". Support brother continued after the sudden death of his father in 1810.An important step in Faraday's life was a visit to the City Philosophical Society (1810-1811 years), where the 19-year-old Michael in the evenings listening to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy, and participated in the debates. Some scholars who visited the bookstore noted capable young man; in 1812, one of the visitors, musician William Dens (William Dance), gave him a ticket on a series of public lectures at the Royal Institute of the famous chemist and physicist, discoverer of many chemical elements Gemfri Devi.

Michael not only listened with interest, but also the detail and

Interwoven recorded four lectures Davey, who had sent him with a letter asking him to take a job at the Royal Institute. This is Faraday himself put it, "a bold step and naive" had on his fate decisive influence. Professor, he passed the way from apprentice pharmacist, was delighted with extensive knowledge of the young men, but at the time the institute had no vacancies, and the request was granted to Michael only a few months. In early 1813 Davy, who was the director of the Institute of Chemical Laboratory, he invited the 22-year-old boy for a seat of the Royal Institute laboratory assistant. The duties of the Faraday consisted mainly of assistance to professors and other lecturers of the Institute in the preparation of lectures, registration of property and care for them. But he tried to use every opportunity to supplement their education, and above all - listened to them carefully prepared lectures. At the same time, Faraday, with the benevolent assistance of the Devi to conduct their own chemical experiments in his question. Their duties Faraday performed so carefully and skillfully that soon became an indispensable assistant Davy. In the fall of 1813 Faraday went along with the professor and his wife, as an assistant and secretary, in a two-year journey through the scientific centers of Europe, but that the defeat of Napoleon. This trip was for Faraday's great value: Davy as a celebrity world scale welcomed many outstanding scientists of that time, including A. Ampere, M. Chevreul, JL Gay-Lussac and Alexander Volta. Some of them paid attention to the brilliance of the young Englishman. After his return in May 1815 at the Royal Institute of Faraday has started intensive work in the new office assistant, with a fairly high salary for the time of 30 shillings per month. He continued independent research, which would sit for long hours. Already at that time it appeared the distinctive features of Faraday - hardworking, methodical, thorough experiments execution, the desire to penetrate into the essence of the problem under investigation. In the first half of the XIX century it has earned the reputation of "the king of the experimenters'. All his life he was leading neat laboratory diaries of their experiences (published in 1931). Last experiment on electromagnetism is marked in the appropriate journal number 16041, Faraday spent all of his life nearly 30,000 experiments. In 1816 it appeared the first printed work of Faraday (an analysis of the chemical composition of the Tuscan limestone) in the next 3 years the number of publications has exceeded 40, mostly in chemistry. Faraday fastened correspondence with major European chemists and physicists. In 1820 Faraday conducted several experiments on the melting of steel with nickel additives. This work is considered to be the opening of the stainless steel, which at that time was a not interested metallurgist. In 1821, Faraday's lives there have been several important developments. In July, he married 20-year-old Sarah Barnard (Sarah Barnard, 1800-1879), the sister of his friend. According to contemporaries, the marriage was a happy one; Michael and Sarah have lived together for 46 years. Wife lived on the top floor of the Royal Institute, in the absence of their own children they have brought up a very young orphan niece Jane; Faraday also constantly concerned about her mother Margaret (died in 1838). The Faraday Institute received a place of technical superintendent of the building and laboratory of the Royal Institute (Superintendent of the House). Finally, his experimental research began to move steadily in the field of physics. Several important works in physics, published in 1821, showed that Faraday fully emerged as a prominent scientist.

Since 1820 Faraday extremely fascinated by the problem of investigating

the relations between electricity and magnetism. By this time already existed and the efforts of Gauss and John. Green was mainly developed science of electrostatics. In 1800 A. Volta discovered a powerful source of direct current ("voltaic pile"), and began to develop rapidly a new science - electrodynamics. Immediately two outstanding discoveries were made: electrolysis (1800) and the arc (1802).But the main event began in 1820 when Oersted discovered the experience of a deflection current on a magnetic needle. The first theory, linking the electricity and magnetism, was built in the same year; Bio, Savard and later Laplace (see Law of Bio -. Savar - Laplace). A. Ampere, starting in 1822, published his theory of electromagnetism, for which the primary phenomenon is a long-range interaction conductor. Formula Ampere for interaction between the two current elements included in textbooks. Among other things, Ampere discovered electromagnet (solenoid). After a series of experiments, Faraday published in 1821 an article entitled "On some new movements and electromagnetic theory of magnetism," in which he showed how to make the magnetized arrow to revolve around one of the magnetic poles. Essentially this construction represented a more imperfect but quite efficient motor for the first time in the world performed the continuous transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy. Name Faraday becomes world famous.

End of 1821, the overall triumph for Faraday, overshadowed slander. The

well-known chemist and physicist William Wollaston Davy complained that the Faraday rotation experiment with arrows is plagiarized his ideas Wollaston (almost never they are not sold). History has received a lot of publicity and Faraday gave a lot of trouble. Davy took the side of Wollaston, his relationship with Faraday deteriorated markedly. In October, Faraday made a personal meeting with Wollaston, which explained his position, and reconciliation took place. However, in January 1824, when Faraday was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, Davey, then president of the Royal Society, was the only one who voted against (Wollaston himself voted for election). Relationship Faraday and Davy later improved, but have lost their former cordiality, but Davy was fond of saying, Recognition of scientific merit Faraday was elected a Corresponding Member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1823). In 1825 Davy decided to leave the leadership of the Laboratory of the Royal Institution Faraday and recommended the appointment of the director of the physical and chemical laboratories, which was done shortly. Davy died after a long illness in 1829. After initial success in studies of electromagnetism Faraday came to a ten-year pause, in 1831, he almost never published work on this subject: experiments did not give the desired result, new responsibilities distracted may also have influenced the unpleasant scandal in 1821.In 1830, Faraday was first professorship at the Royal Military Academy (Woolwich), and since 1833 - and the Royal Institution (in chemistry). He read lectures not only at the Royal Institution, but also in several other scientific organizations and societies. Contemporary extremely high quality was evaluated teaching Faraday, who could combine the visibility and accessibility of the subject matter to the depth. His popular science masterpiece for children "History of a Candle" (popular lectures, 1861) is published so far. In 1822 there was a record in a laboratory diary Faraday: "Transform magnetism into electricity." Faraday's reasoning was as follows: if the experience of Oersted electric current has a magnetic force, and, in the opinion of Faraday, all forces are mutually convertible, and the movement of the magnet must be excited by an electric current. The path to the electric turned out not easy - the first experiments were unsuccessful. The main reason for the failure was the lack of knowledge of the fact that an electric current is generated only by the alternating magnetic field, and quite strong (otherwise the current will be too weak to register). To enhance the effect should have a magnet (or conductor) to move quickly, and the conductor rolls into a coil. Only ten years later, in 1831, Faraday found, finally, the solution to the problem, finding electromagnetic induction. With this discovery began the most fruitful period of research Faraday (1831-1840), who gave the scientific world his famous series "Experimental Researches in Electricity" (total he published in «Philosophical Transactions» 30 issues that appeared between 1831 and 1835). Already in 1832, for the discovery of Faraday induction was awarded the Copley Medal. Report on Faraday experiments immediately caused a sensation in the scientific world of Europe, mass newspapers and magazines have also given them a lot of attention. Numerous scientific organizations Faraday was elected an honorary member of their (often it was 97 degrees). If the opening of the motor showed how electricity can be used for the induction experiments indicated how to create powerful its source (generator). From this point on challenges to the widespread introduction of electricity purely technical steel. Physicists and engineers are actively engaged in the study of induced currents and designing increasingly sophisticated electrical devices; the first industrial model have appeared at Faraday life (alternator Ippolita Piksi, 1832), and in 1872, Friedrich von Hefner-AlterNet introduced a high-performance generator, In 1832, Faraday investigated another important problem in those years. At that time, some were known power sources friction voltaic pile, some animals (e.g. electric ray) Faraday induction, thermocouple (opened in 1821 year, the See beck effect cm.). Individual scientists expressed doubt that all these effects have the same nature, and even used different terms: "galvanism", "animal electricity", etc. Faraday spent hundreds of experiments and closed the issue by showing that all the manifestations of electricity (heat.., light, chemical, physiological, magnetic and mechanical) are identical, regardless of its source of. In 1835 Faraday overwork led to the first attack of the disease, which prevented him from working until 1837. Despite worldwide fame, Faraday to the end of life remained modest good-hearted person. He rejected a proposal to elevate him as before Newton and Davy, knighted, twice refused to become President of the Royal Society (1848 and 1858). During the British government during the Crimean War offered he to participate in the development of chemical weapons against the Russian army, but Faraday indignantly rejected the proposal as immoral. Faraday conducted unassuming lifestyle and often rejected lucrative offers if they would prevent him from doing things you love. In 1840 Faraday again fell ill (sharp decline of forces, deterioration and partial loss of memory), and was able to return to active work only 4 years later, in the short term. There is a theory that the disease was the result of poisoning by mercury vapor, are often used in his experiments. Recommended by doctors traveled to Europe (1841) helped a little. Friends began to petition for the appointment of world-renowned physicist state pension. Prime Minister of Great Britain (William Lem, Lord Melbourne) was first reacted to this with disapproval, but under the pressure of public opinion had to give their consent. Biographer and friend Dzhon Tindal Faraday estimated that after 1839 Faraday lived in extreme poverty (less than 22 pounds per year), and after 1845 the pension (300 pounds per year) was his only source of income. Tyndall adds bitterly: In 1845 Faraday returned briefly to active work and made some outstanding discoveries, including: rotation of the polarization plane of light in a substance placed in a magnetic field (Faraday effect) and diamagnetism. It was the last of its opening. At the end of the year he resumed the disease. But Faraday was able to call one more public sensation. In 1853, he, with all the usual thoroughness, investigated fashionable in those years "table-" and confidently declared that the table is moving is not caused by spirits of the dead and unconscious movements of the fingers of participants. This result caused an avalanche of indignant letters occultists, but Faraday replied that he would take the claims only from the spirits themselves.

In 1848, Queen Victoria, highly tsenivshaya Faraday (previously invited him to come

for lunch), granted in perpetual use Faraday House, part of the palace complex of Hampton Court. All brownies costs and taxes queen assumed. In 1858 Faraday retired from most of their positions and took up residence at Hampton Court, where he spent the last 9 years of his life. From time to time the state of health allowed Faraday briefly to return to active duty. In 1862, he put forward the hypothesis that the magnetic field can shift the spectral lines. However, the equipment of those years was not sensitive enough to detect this effect. Only in 1897 Pieter Zeeman confirmed the hypothesis Faraday (referring to him as the author), and received in 1902 for this discovery the Nobel Prize. Maykl Faradey died on 25 August 1867 at the desk, a little before the age of 76 anniversaries. Queen Victoria offered to bury the scientist in Westminster Abbey, but the will of the Faraday was performed: a modest funeral and a simple tombstone in the usual place. The grave is a scientist at the High gate Cemetery, the site for those neanglikanskogo religions. However, the queen will also was performed - in Westminster Abbey near Newtonian tomb monument was set Michael Faraday plate.

He was one of those great men who made possible the age of electricity in which we live, all the marvels it brings us and all those it may bring to the future generations.

Basic experiments took place from August 29 - 4 November 1831, chief among them have

two. When moving magnetic core wires inside the coil in the latter an electric current. Turns on or off the current in the wire coil leads to the appearance of current in the secondary coil whose turns interleaved with turns of the first. October 17, 1831 Faraday concluded: "the electric wave only occurs when the movement of the magnet, and not by virtue of properties inherent in it alone." He put a crucial experiment: I took magnetic cylindrical bar (3/4 inch in diameter and 8 1/4 inches long) and introduced into one end of a spiral of copper wire (220 feet long), connected to a galvanometer. Then I quick movement pushed the magnet inside the spiral on its entire length, and the galvanometer needle has experienced a boost. I then just as quickly pulled the magnet coils, and the arrow swung again, but in the opposite direction. These swings recurred arrows whenever the magnet is pushed into or pushed out.

Earlier, on August 29, Faraday had a similar experience with an electromagnet: Two

hundred and three feet of copper wire in one piece were wound on a large wooden drum; other two hundred and three feet of the same wires have been laid in a spiral between the turns of the first coil, wherein the metal contact was eliminated everywhere by the strap. One of these helices was connected with a galvanometer, and the other - with a well-charged battery of one hundred pairs of plates four inches square with double copper plates. When the contact was observed a sudden, but very little effect on a galvanometer and a similar weak effect occurred after opening of the contact with the battery.

Thus, the movable conductor nearest magnet (or on / off current in an adjacent conductor)

generate in the electric current conductor. This phenomenon is called Faraday's electromagnetic induction. October 28 he assembled first full DC generator ( "Faraday disk"): an electric potential which is removed adjacent wire during rotation of the copper disc near the magnet on the disk. Faraday showed how to transform the mechanical energy of rotation into electricity. The impetus for this invention was the experience of Arago (1824): a spinning magnet carried away in its rotation disposed below the disk of copper, although copper is unable to be magnetized. Conversely, if you rotate the copper disc near the magnet suspended in such a way that it can rotate in a plane parallel to the plane of the disk, then the rotation of the disc magnet follows his movement. Arago discussed this effect with Ampere, Poisson, and other famous physicists, but they were unable to explain.

Код для цитирования: Скопировать