IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

The current interest in the problem lies in the fact that nowadays the issue of preserving the monuments of cultural and historical heritage has become very relevant. Nizhny Novgorod has a long history as a military fortress dating back as far as 1221. The town has been expanding over the time. The Nizhegorodsky Kremlin gradually became surrounded by the «Posad». They used to call this name trading and craftsmen quarters. People settled all around it to escape and hide inside its walls. In the «quiet times» people settled at a distance from the Kremlin. The part of Nizhny Novgorod Posad located on the opposite side of the Pochaina ravine was settled as early as the 14^th century. A lot of craftsmen, traders, coachmen and farmers built their houses and parish churches there at that time [1;2;3]. One of the most ancient streets of the town, Ilyinskaya street, for many centuries served as a core complex of the area and became the main constituent of the area plan of Zapochayanie. The street`s image reflects the basic typological features of this area. Zapochayanie is one of the most distinctive areas in the central part of the city from historical, cultural and natural landscape features. That was the reason for choosing the area as the object of the research. There are 5 the most distinctive local objects we consider: Yamskaya sloboda (Large ravines), Nizhny posad, Milyoshka, Zaryadie, Ilyinskaya merchant`s quarter. The historical and cultural area is bounded by Maslyakov street, Pokhvakinsky ravine, Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation monastery, the Church of St. John the Baptist.

Zapochayanie occupies about tenth of central historic part of the Nizhny Novgorod city area. It is housing almost half of all cultural heritage objects of the city which were included in the list of cultural heritage entities of peoples living in Russia. The complete information of the monuments of architecture, history and structure making up the historical background of the area is given on the map of the historic area. It has preserved its historical and cultural environment, represented not only by separate buildings but the urban development complex as well. It should be noted that it makes a unique phenomenon of Nizhny Novgorod.

Speaking about the structures dated back as the 17^th century it should be stressed that they are worth paying special attention to. Less than twenty stone residential merchant houses (palaty) have been preserved. Three of them are in our city: Chatygin`s, Olisov`s and Pushnikov`s. The establishment of the Maryinsky Institute for Noble Maidens (today the building of Nizhny Novgorod University of Architecture and Civil Engineering) was initiated by nobility of the city to mark the marriage of Alexander II. The name to the Institute was given in honor of the tsar’s bride. The project Ilyinskaya sloboda involved a big amount of rehabilitation and restoration work on churches and temples of the area [4;5;6]. Almost every building was in need to be surveyed in detail and design new structural elements. Grandiose work has been done on landscaping, leveling and engineering protection of the sites. The golden cupolas of the Zapochayanie churches symbolize the continuity of historical development of the past and future of our city. The square of National Unity became a great recreational spot for the residence and the guests of Nizhny Novgorod.

Bibliography:

1. Khrancovsky, N.I. A short sketch of the history and the description of Nizhny Novgorod. - N. Novgorod, 1998.

2. Tynnikova A.N. Historical and cultural significance of the territory of Blagovetscenskaya Sloboda in Nizhny Novgorod. http:// scienceforum.ru/2016/2147/25021.

3. Moskaeva A.S., Kocheva E.A., Smirnova E.V. The main design features of the temples. European Journal of Natural History. 2016. № 3. 103-105pp.

4. Smirnova E.V. Specific of the guide-interpreter’s job. 17 International Scientific and Industrial Forum, NNGASU 2015, 329-332pp.

5. vestinn.ru/news/society/24507/

6. http://www.sv-nn.ru/page/2582

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