IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Translation as a type of activity harks back in antiquity, at the period when scripting didn't even exist, when the first contacts between different multilingual tribes were established. Though we can't say for sure how initial translation was developed at this time segment.

Appearing of the first professional interpreters, increase of significance of translation may be attributed to age of first states rise at the ancient East and beginning of various relationships between them - commercial, political, etc.

Аncientry

One of the first translator images have been found on Egyptian bas-relief which is more than 5 thousand years old, and now the first known translator is an Egyptian who was a priest in Thinis was called Anhurmes.

Literature of the eighth century BC, often mentions 'the main interpreter' meaning existence of professional translators with specific hierarchy.

First Egyptian monuments of translation belong to 15 century BC. Its diplomatic letters were translated from ancient Egyptian to Prairie Acadian cuneiform.

In ancient Sumer culture of translation was essential as well. This state fell to Babylon, but Sumer managed to influent Babylon culture hardly, so translation culture hasn’t been lost. These events promoted setting and development of informational-communicative as well as literature-translation activity.

In Babylon translators were called "tragamannum" or "Siahpiarueh". In Babylon there also was special translators’ hierarchy of ranks, such as temple military or royal translators.

There are also evidences of translation in Hittite state. Written translations from hurrit to hettech and sumerian-akkadian-hittite dictionaries, which are evidences of contacts with other cultures have also have been found.

Significant traces of translation are also encountered at the late period of ancient Greece, after the collapse of a great nation caused by Alexander the Great's death.

Rome at the early stage of its development was strongly influenced by Greek culture, and the bulk of translation was carried out from the Greek language.

First of currently known conclusions about translation were made in ancient Rome, first estimations began to appear meanwhile.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, for instance, believed that the literal, word-for-word translation is a sign of interpreter poverty and tenunity.

He said interpreters must not transfer the form but meaning of the content.

Medievalism

At the medievalism, the translation was carried out by monks and was considered as a holy task.

However, verbal interpretation, on the contrary, was treated like the devil obsession. Nevertheless, the irreplaceability of interpreters in various diplomatic contacts gradually gave translators the increasing significance and recognition.

History of the Russian translating

Peter I understood the importance of translation development for the future Russia's establishment as a nation, he realized its power for the development of its culture.

Some historical knowledges also suggest the emperor was a translator and translation critic himself.

A lot of literature translation was performed during Ekaterina 2 reign. The Empress spoke several languages ​​and was engaged in translation as well.

In the 19th century translator activity was considered as a high art work by virtue of A.Karamzin, V.Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov.

New publishing house "World Literature" was created after the Revolution of 1918 by Maxim Gorky's initiative. The idea of all major opuses of authors from all around the world has appeared right afterwards.

Литература:

1. Semenets O.E., Panasev A.N.// translation history – 1989, p. 296.

2. J. Steiner // After Babylon – 1975, p. 241.

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