IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Ekaterinburg is one of the largest cities of the Russian Federation. It is an administrative capital of the Sverdlovsk Region and the Ural Federal District. Nowadays the city is an important center of industry, transport, finance, science and culture.

The city was founded in 1723 and is situated in the heart of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia and in the middle of the Ural Mountain Range. Geographical coordinates of the city are 56º 51' North latitude and 60º 36' East longitude. It is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains along the Iset River (the tributary of the Tobol River).

Total area of Ekaterinburg is 491 square kilometers.

The city is at 1667 kilometers' distance away from Moscow and at 7635 kilometers' distance away from Vladivostok. The time zone of Ekaterinburg is UTC+6 (two hours ahead of Moscow and six hours ahead of Greenwich). A flight from Moscow to Ekaterinburg takes two hours, while a train trip takes 25 hours.

Population. For January 1, 2013, the population of the Ural capital is 1 424 702 people.

Climate. The city features a temperate continental climate with characteristic weather instability with brightly expressed seasons. Average temperature in January is -16ºC, in July - +18ºC. The Ural Mountains could not be called very high, nevertheless they block the way to air masses coming from the West (from the European part of the country). Due to its location, the city is not protected from the arctic air and considerably cool air from the West Siberian Plain. However, warm air masses come here unhindered from the South. That is why both sharp temperature changes and weather anomalies are typical in Ekaterinburg. Weather can change from severe frosts to thaws in winter and from extreme heat to cold weather and rains in summer.

Yekaterinburg, alternatively Romanized as Ekaterinburg, is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia. At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 1,349,772. Yekaterinburg is the main industrial and cultural center of the Ural Federal District. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was named Sverdlovsk after the Communist party leader Yakow Sverdlov.

Imperial Russia

Vasily Tatishchev and Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg in 1723 and named it after the wife of Tsar Peter the Great, Ekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I. The official date of the city's foundation is November 18, 1723.It was granted town status in 1796.

The city was one of Russia's first industrial cities, prompted at the start of the eighteenth century by decrees from the Tsar requiring the development in Yekaterinburg of metal-working businesses. The city was built, with extensive use of iron, to a regular square plan with iron works and residential buildings at the center. These were surrounded by fortified walls, so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing center and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It therefore found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian highway became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window on Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, nominated the city as the administrative center for the wider region, which led to a further increase in the numbers of military and administrative personnel in the city

World War II

During the 1930s, Yekaterinburg was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a center of heavy industry, during which time the famous Ural mash was built. Then, during World War II, many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Yekaterinburg away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Yekaterinburg after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Yekaterinburg (known as Sverdlovsk during Soviet times) in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945

Yekaterinburg is situated on the border of Europe and Asia, 1,667 kilometers (1,036 mi) east of Moscow, on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains on the Iset River. It is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes, and small lakes. The city features a humid continental climate under the Köppen climate classification. The winter lasts for about six months—from October until the middle of April—and the temperature may fall to −45 °C (−49 °F), though rarely lower than −20 °C (−4 °F) to −25 °C (−13 °F). Summer in the Urals is short, with warm weather for only 65–70 days and an average temperature of +18 °C (64 °F). The city's location "behind" the mountain range and highly variable winds mean that the weather is quite changeable from one day to the next and from year to year.

Culture

The city has several dozen libraries, including the V. G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Yekaterinburg is home to numerous theatres and theatre companies: the Yekaterinburg Academic Ballet and Opera Company, the Sverdlovsk Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, the Yekaterinburg Academic Dramatic Theater, the Yekaterinburg Theater for Young Spectators, the Volkhonka (a popular chamber theatre), and the Kolyada Theater (a chamber theatre founded by Russian playwright, producer and actor Nikolai Kolyada). Yekaterinburg is the center of New Drama, a movement of contemporary Russian playwrights Nikolai Kolyada, Vasily Sigarev, Konstantin Kostenko, the Presnyakov brothers, and Oleg Bogayev. Yekaterinburg is often called the capital of contemporary dance for a number of dance companies residing in the city: the Kipling, the Provincial Dances, the Tantstrest, and a special department of contemporary dance at the Yekaterinburg University of Humanities.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif, Chicherina, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, were originally formed in Yekaterinburg (Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered the main centers of the genre in Russia). In addition, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov, Yuri Gulyayev, Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra, founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk singing and dance ensemble.

There are over thirty museums in Yekaterinburg, including several museums of Ural minerals and jewelry, art galleries, one of the largest collections anywhere of Kasli moldings, and the Shigirskaya Kladovaya, or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest wood sculpture in the world: the Shigir Idol, found near Nevyansk and estimated to have been made about 9,500 years ago. Only here can you see a collection of Nevyansk icons, in the Nevyansk Icon Museum, with more than 300 icons representing the 18th through the 20th centuries on display.

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art and theater culture through the Russian Year of Culture Program. Vladimir Yelizarov's Recording Studio SVE Records is based in Yekaterinburg. The studio is in a private residence built in 1837 under the title "The House of the Misters", in one of the historical centers of Yekaterinburg city, two hundred meters from Verkh-Isetsky Lake. In 1987, American singer Tina Turner recorded two tracks, which later appeared on her 1989 album Foreign Affair, whilst in the city as part of her highly acclaimed Break Every Rule World Tour.

Yekaterinburg also has a circus building and one of the tallest incomplete architectural structures in the world, the Yekaterinburg TV Tower. There are also a number of unusual monuments: e.g. a popular landmark Keyboard monument and a monument to Michael Jackson.

According to Yekaterinburg News, the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom, working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programs focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg.

Ekaterinburg features

Ekaterinburg is the main administrative, cultural, scientific and educational center of the Urals. It is the official center of Ural Federal District. The headquarters of Volga-Ural military district and the Presidium of the Urals branch of the Russian Academy of Science are located here. Besides, dozens of territorial bodies of federal power can be found in the city. That’s why Ekaterinburg received the name “The Capital of the Urals.”

It is worth saying that the geographical location of Ekaterinburg is extremely favorable and this fact influenced the development of the city. It is located in the Urals at the point where the mountains are low. This fact favored construction of the main transportation ways from Central Russia to Siberia through Ekaterinburg (Big Siberian Road, Trans-Siberian railway).

As a result, Ekaterinburg became a strategically important city providing connection between European and Asian parts of the country.

Ekaterinburg is located in a zone of moderate continental climate with harsh weather variability, well-defined seasons. The average temperature in January is -12,6 degrees Celsius, in July - +19 degrees C.

Interesting facts about Yekaterinburg

• It was founded by the decree of the first Russian Emperor Peter I and the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II was shot here,

• Roofing iron, produced in Yekaterinburg, at one time covered the roof of the British parliament,

• The frame of the American Statue of Liberty is made of metal produced in Yekaterinburg,

• During the Second World War, Sverdlovsk was the center of broadcasting in the USSR,

• A minor planet (27736) Yekaterinburg, opened September 22, 1990 by the Belgian astronomer Eric Elst, is named in honor of the city,

• June 16, 2009, the first official summit of the BRIC was held here,

• Skyscraper “Vysotsky”, officially opened on November 25, 2011, is the most northerly skyscraper in the world (188 meters), and the only skyscraper in Russia outside Moscow,

• The cemetery of Ekaterinburg houses is a place with photos of destroyed architectural monuments.

Ekaterinburg places of interest

In 2014, Ekaterinburg became the third most popular Russian city among foreign tourists (after Moscow and St. Petersburg).

The city and its outskirts have many tourist attractions. There are over 600 monuments of history and culture in the city, 43 of them are of federal importance. In general, the city retained a large number of architectural monuments of the 19th century built in the classical style, as well as buildings in the style of constructivism of 1920s.

The city has about 50 different museums. The oldest museums are:

• Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore (Malyshev Street, 46),

• Ekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts (Weiner Street, 11, and Voevodin Street, 5),

• Ural Geological Museum (Kuibyshev Street, 39),

• United Museum of Writers of the Urals (Tolmachev Street, 41),

• Sverdlovsk Regional Fire-Technical Exhibition (Karl Liebknecht Street, 8),

• Military History Museum (Pervomayskaya Street, 27).

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