IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Nature is a complicated mechanism of organisms’ interaction, so the human is the essential part of it. We all depend on our environment a lot. Building huge concrete boxes separate us from the entire world. It is evident that confinement in buildings is bad for our health, and connections to the exterior environment has positive health effect. The study carried out earlier showed that views of nature from home showed more longer-lasting positive impact on happiness than increases in wealth. After the global urbanization people started to think about saving the link with nature. Improving the connection between the interior and the exterior of a construction is the driving force of the Organic Architecture movement which has become remarkably relevant nowadays. It’s a philosophy of architecture, which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world.

The term “Organic architecture” was invented in the early 1900s by the great architect Frank Floyd Right to describe his approach to architecture. The main idea is the link between man-made structure and nature around through design approach as a unified composition. Buildings should blend with the environment and work as a single organism. Such structures seem alive and support natural life unlike the modern concrete and glass jungle that are our cities. Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the first architects who had immense respect and awe to the environment thus creating an environmental conscious form of architecture. Climatic conditions, available material and geography have always given character to the design of such architecture. That’s why the phrase “Form and function are one” is the leading principle of organic architecture. So organic architecture evolved into a kind of architecture that interpreted natural principles in order to build the structure that were more natural than the nature itself.

Organic Architecture has strong, rational geometry to create a building that should be in continuity in structure, space and form. Wright has given few characteristics of an Organic Architecture, which are continuity, plasticity, integrity, character, discipline and tenuity. This style is characterized by open up spaces and single dominant form. It is always driven by a strict set of geometric patterns that run through all scales of the building. These patterns will exist in the overall plan right down to the door handles. Therefore this architectural stream is also distinguished by minimalism, simplicity in every detail. Patterns help us understand the world. They allow us to predict the weather and know when the next train arrives. People understand their environment when it is governed by patterns, so home built from patterns will be comprehensible and comfortable.

The construction of organic architecture is based on the principle derived from natura. Such "structures" are, for example, a network of spider, a bubble and many others. Nature grows from the idea of a seed and reaches out to its surroundings. Organic Architecture also uses nature as the basis of its design and its structures grow inside out. Thus, the way of understanding of organic architecture is based on the definition of the single organism as opposed to a mechanism consisting of interchangeable parts. This mechanism arises from the independent, external elements, while the organism develops from within, developing its elements as integral parts.

Organic Architecture involves respect for the properties of the materials, and attempts to integrate the surrounding context and the structure. In order to connect the interior with the environment, natural materials like stone and wood are commonly used. Glass provides views to the natural environment, breaks up the forms of the building and fills the structure with light. Carefully designed windows allow the interior and external spaces to flow freely between each other. To achieve this, organic architects usually ensure that window frames are hidden, and materials run unhindered through the glazing line. We can see the decoration of the building such as technical equipment. The amount of materials and accessories were reduced, leaving more place for glass surfaces and the interior. Large smooth surfaces feel artificial, that is why textures and patterns are applied.

Nowadays, this concept of architecture is relevant and dictated by need of saving nature. That is why organic architecture is the founder of the idea of nature and architecture interaction. During the latter half of the 20th century, modern architects took the concept of organic architecture and developed it. Nature became some kind of inspiration for them. New construction methods and materials enabled to create structures with the natural shapes and forms. It created the new streams in architecture such as bionic, eco, green architecture and others. Although every stream has specific features which distinguish them from each other. Bionic architecture is mainly based on using complicated flowing forms, while eco houses are more focused on natural materials and energy-independent systems. In contrast to them organic architecture considers human being as the center of design and integrates nature as its surrounding. The vitality of organic architecture is in a passion for nature, its natural forms, life and the flow of energy. This expressive form is sympathetic towards human body, mind and spirit. In an organic building we feel free and connect with inner self. House becomes the unique part of its owner and the part of the environment at the same time.

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