IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Tver is a city and the administrative center of Tver Oblast, Russia. Tver is divided into 4 districts: Zavolzhsky, Moscow, Proletarian and Central District. City boasts a convenient geographical location. It is located between major cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow, connect them railway and automobile highway. To get from Tver to the capital, you need at least three hours (without stops). Officially Tver is located north of the Tver ridge, or rather on the western edge of the Upper Volga lowlands. The city is considered the first sea port, which was built on the great Russian river Volga under the name. The river is considered one of the biggest rivers in Europe and proudly adorn the center of the city of Tver.

The flag of Tver is a rectangular yellow-red-and-yellow flag with horizontal bands of color. In the center of the red band is plain contour drawing emblem of the city of Tver, without a stamp board.

Population: 414,606 (2015 est.) The vast majority (93%) of the population is Russian Tver (327,494 people). Unfortunately, the dynamics of the geographic characteristics of the population of the city is extremely negative. The increase due to immigration of other countries does not cover natural population decline, which is due to the fact that fertility rates in Tver and a half times less mortality. About 1.5% of the population are Ukrainians (5332 persons). The proportion of Armenians and Azerbaijanis - 0.8% (2902 and 2826 respectively). The share of the Belarusians and Tatars is at 0.5% (1799 and 1714 respectively). Share Karelians, Uzbeks and Tajiks in the population of the city - 0.3% (1119, 1040, 1085 respectively). In addition, the city is home to Avars, Arabs, Bashkir, Georgians, Dargin, Jews, Indians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Sri Lankans, Lezgins, Moldovans, Mordvinians, Germans, Poles, Tabasaran, Turkmens, Roma, Chechens, Chuvash. The number of other nationalities did not exceed 100 people. The ethnic character of migration has led to a number of diaspora - Azerbaijani, Armenian and other.

Tver is one of the leading places in Russia in training, and much of the credit for this belongs to the regional administration, which is committed to meet the intellectual needs of the young generation. Also, all administration officials consider their main task to further develop creative, research, scientific and other activities. After all, a good education - this is another opportunity to shape the younger generation the right attitude and train it to work and all the difficulties of life.

Tver is one of the largest transport hubs across Russia. Also, the number of cars in the city is about 300 per 1000 population, which is a good indicator, but rather virtually the best in the whole of Russia. The number of fleet vehicles is equal to 117 300, out of this number more than 30 per cent of the cars. From the bus station taxis and buses go to nearby cities, towns and regions.

Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian Empire. It is situated at the confluence of the Volga and Tvertsa Rivers. The city was known as Kalinin from 1931 to 1990.

History about Tver. One of the oldest cities in the Russian state. In the beginning of the XX century, researchers have been inclined to believe that the Tver (including its name) originally arose at the confluence of the Volga Tvertsa, and then, most likely in the first half of the XIII century, it moved to the Cape formed by the merger of the Volga and Tmaka. Conducted in the 1930s. archaeological research allowed to abandon this version. The city of Tver. The confluence of the Volga Tvertsa. Today we can affirm that the city of Tver is not transferred from one place to another.

Officially recognized as the founding year of the city of Tver - 1135 minutes, although the exact date is unknown. In Tver neletopisnyh written sources first mentioned in the 1127-1135 biennium. In the annals of the city of Tver is mentioned since 1209 birch bark found March 26, 1983 and August 23, 1985 on the territory of the Tver Kremlin, from the late XII - early XIII centuries.

The word Tver, one of the many reviews, is Finno-Ugric roots and is derived from the name of the river Tvertsa (names of rivers ancient city names), on the banks and at the mouth of which is the oldest population while living. In its early years, the city of Tver fit in within the Tver Kremlin, which served to protect the inhabitants in the turbulent times of constant raids and robberies committed by the Tatar-Mongol conquerors and feudal lords. Gradually, with the growth of the population of the city of Tver, near the Kremlin appear Posada - Zagorodsky, Zatmatsky and Zavolzhsky that included Zatvereche.

The history of the capital of the principality of Tver Tver begins in 1247. Chronicle called the first prince of Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver (1223-1271), the brother of Alexander Nevsky. Occupying the second half of the 1260's - early 1270's. in addition to the Tver table still and Vladimir the throne, Yaroslav laid the foundations of state sovereignty of the city of Tver. Like other Russian princes Yaroslav Yaroslavich tried to elevate the city of Tver, turning it into a military-political, spiritual and cultural center of the subject territories. In 1264 Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich Tver became grand prince of Vladimir. Living in Tver, he actually made it the capital of Russia, Vladimir.In the 17th century after the founding of St. Petersburg, Tver when became an important trading center on the route between the two capitals. In 1701, by order of Peter I in Tver it was built on rafts floating bridge, which lasted until 1900. Under Peter I in Tver was built new wooden-bastions in place of the old wooden walls of the Kremlin. By 1709 construction was completed Vyshnevolotskaya water system that connected Volga with the Baltic Sea.

In the XVIII century, Tver was rapidly developing in the city were built Church of the Ascension, Church of the Resurrection in the Volga, the modern Church of the Assumption in Otroch-monastery church Zatvereche Ekaterinskaya, as well as many civilian buildings, many of which have survived to this day. The oldest of them are considered to be the house of the merchant Arefeva the Volga, which is now a museum of Tver life.

In 1763, a huge fire destroyed the central portion of Tver, and ten years later had burnt Zavolzhskaya side. By order of Catherine II was created whole "Architectural Team" led by PR Nikitin, which also included the architect MF Kazakov, AV brew VS Obukhov, whose aim was to rebuild the facility in Tver stone according to a regular layout. On the territory of the Kremlin and the adjacent tenements built Zagorodskiy Road Palace, ensembles Octagonal Square, the embankment of the Volga River, Ascension and other central streets. The main features of this plan began long axis Millionnaya Street (now Sovetskaya), so named because the construction of stone houses in the center of the city was released one million rubles from the royal treasury; as well as the "Versailles trident" trёhluchevaya composition of streets that converge at a single point, modeled on similar urban reception in St. Petersburg.

In the years 1764-1766 was built the main attraction Tver - Travel Palace of the Empress Catherine. The palace was built in the classical style with Baroque elements of the project, MF Kazakov, at the same time travel between the palace and the Volga city garden was laid out. The palace was intended for the rest of the imperial family on the way from St. Petersburg to Moscow, whence its name. In the 70 years of XVIII century it was rebuilt areas east of the Volga, and Zatmachya Zatverechya.

At the end of the century Tver was a major industrial city. Many small businesses are supplied in other cities yarn, cloth, oil, candles, wax, leather and many other commodities

In 1809, the Tver Committee was set up on the improvement of the city, where he worked the famous architect of the capital Rossi. In his projects were built Cathedral of Christ, houses on the waterfront and in the city center (a total of 30 buildings). He also was rebuilt Travel Palace. At this time, there lived a sister of Alexander I, Catherine Pavlovna, who was married to the governor of Tver, which turned the Palace into one of the centers of social life of the country and fashionable literary salon, where going to the high society of Tver and which was visited by many prominent people from Moscow and St. Petersburg. Karamzin read here Emperor Alexander excerpts from his "History". In the palace of the Prince of Persia took Khozrev Mirza, who came to apologize for the killing of Alexander Griboyedov, met the Prussian King Frederick William III. Additional quarters for himself and his family to settle in Tver Palace, Alexander II.

In the second quarter of the XIX century by the architect JF Lviv were built Ascension Church, the house of the Noble Assembly (now the Officers' House), the ensemble of office buildings in the Octagonal (Lenin) Square and other civilian buildings. In 1839, the city began to emerge "Tver province news". In the 1860s, it opened a public library and museum (now Tver historical-architectural and literary museum).

In 1851 it began the movement of the Nikolaev railway between Tver and St. Petersburg and Moscow. In the second half of the XIX century in Tver opened Steamship Company, weaving manufactory, manufacture of paper products, mechanical plant for the production of parts for textile machines, sawmills and other businesses. Only in the years 1850-1860 in the city of Tver arose three textile factories. At the same time in Tver we opened various colleges and schools: Seminary, Tver female school teacher, diocesan school for girls, women and other commercial school. In 1860, the post of vice-governor of the Tver won the famous writer Saltykov-Shchedrin. In the second half of the XIX century in the city built hotel, religious institutions, barracks for the workers and employees of homes for Christmas Morozov and factories, as well as the National Theatre, a post office, bank. In 1893, the city established the first phones, and in 1898 was built long-distance telephone station. In 1895, on the streets appeared the first car. In 1900 the city was finally erected a permanent bridge across the Volga project engineer L. Czech Masheka.

In 1901, Tver was put electric tram started and street lighting, in 1904 opened the cinema in 1910 in Tver plane flew for the first time. Since 1902 began the revolutionary activity in Tver, the Tver Committee RSDLP created.

In 1916, MA Bonch-produced in Tver first domestic radio tubes. During the First World War in Tver were evacuated from Riga Russian-Baltic Wagon Works and fleet. After the February Revolution of 1917 in Tver was organized by the Interim Executive Committee of NGOs, worked to October 1917.

During the Civil War to its end it was stopped many businesses that adversely affected the economic development of the city. However, immediately after the war, it became quickly recover. Widespread received a shock brigade in Tver, the Communist Saturdays.

Since 1919, Tver was renamed all the central streets and squares, the struggle with the church and the confiscation of church property. In the 20-30-ies it was closed and demolished dozens of churches, which is a monument of architecture of 17-19 centuries. November 20, 1931 Tver was renamed Kalinin, after a native of the province of Tver Kalinin.

In 30-ies of XX century in the struggle against religion were demolished dozens of churches, monuments XVII-XIX centuries. In particular, in 1935 the cathedral was blown Transfiguration Cathedral.

October 14, 1941 the city was captured by units of the 27th Army and the 41st Motorized Corps 3rd Tank Group Army Group "Center". During Kalinin defensive operation, the further advance of the enemy was delayed, and in the north-west (to the rear of the North-Western Front) stopped altogether special role in this was played by the 8th Tank Brigade. About two months the city was under German occupation. December 6 at the Kalinin offensive, Kalinin Front moved to the offensive and the 16 December Kalinin city was liberated parts of the 29 th and 31 th Army of the Kalinin Front. The losses of the Red Army made more than 20,000 people dead. During the occupation and heavy fighting severely damaged the city, it was destroyed more than half the houses, about seventy companies.

After World War II, in the 50s have been built in the city of Drama Theatre, the Palace of Culture, the library named after M. Gorky, the second bridge. As the spans of the bridge were used parsed elements of the bridge Lieutenant Schmidt from Leningrad.

In the second half of the XX century in Kalinin opened plant electrical equipment, plant chemical fiber ("Khimvolokno"), the factory of silicate brick ("Tver combine of building materials of N 2") printing plant of children's literature, silk-weaving factory, a meat-packing plant, a pharmaceutical factory, GRP and fiberglass and others. Kalinin has become not only a major industrial city, but also an important transport hub. In 1961 there were opened a river port, peripheral motorway, connecting the road to Moscow, Leningrad, Rzhev, Volokolamsk.

February 4, 1971 the city was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for the achievements in the implementation of the five-year plan for the development of industrial production. July 17, 1990 by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the city returned to its historic name and coat of arms. In 1991, it approved by the seventh in a row, the current to date Master Plan for the city. November 4, 2011 Tver was awarded the title of City of Military Glory.

Environment and climate. Tver is characterized by a temperate continental climate. Winters are moderately cold, for example, the average temperature in February is equal to - 7 ° C, the coldest month of the year is January. Summer is not very hot and humid, the average temperature in July is nearly 19 ° C, this is considered to be the hottest month of the year. Average annual precipitation is about 653 mm. Scorching heat or extreme cold in Tver are extremely rare.

Construction of new industrial enterprises, a variety of vehicles, chemical plants and chemicals used in agriculture - these factors are the main causes of the ecological crisis in Tver. Also in the area of ​​the city it was marked by a very high level of pollution of snow cover and surface water. The strongest manifestation of water pollution can be observed in these estuarine areas: the rivers Volga and solid Tmaka. The water is not safe to drink, swim in it, too, is not recommended.

About 17 percent of the Tver contains Heavily snow cover. Snow mainly contaminated with copper, lead, arsenic and other toxic substances.

The complex ecological situation in Tver produces nearby Moscow region, on the territory of which are located about 3,200 industrial activities. They form excessive contamination of soil and vegetation, groundwater and surface water, atmosphere. Moscow every year "does" a great release to the atmosphere of the Central economic region.

Politics. The Tver City Duma, the local parliament is composed of 33 deputies). The executive branch is the Administration of Tver. The structure consists of the head of administration of the city administration (since 2012 – Valery Pavlov), his deputies, industry bodies (departments of architecture and construction, housing and communal services, health and social policy, property management and land resources; economy, investment and industrial policy, a number of departments and divisions), as well as the administration of the four districts – Volzhsky, Moscow, Proletarskaya and Tsentralny. A considerable part of the government buildings of the city of Tver and the Tver Oblast lay along Sovietskaya Street: the Soviet area (Sovietskaya 44) is the residence of the Governor of the Oblast, and a former Regional Party Committee (Sovietskaya 33) is The Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast.

Tver City Duma as a representative body of the city existed from 1785 to 1918, was reconstituted after the dissolution of councils and adoption of the new Constitution of Russia in 1993. March 20, 1994, elections were held in the House of Representatives, who on May 26 was called Tver City Duma.

Education in Tver. In Tver, about 5 state universities and the annual output of graduates equals about (or even more) of 4 thousand people. Special schools (there are 12), who are trained in various specialties, boast higher statistics - more than 7000 students. 15 vocational schools also provide training of skilled workers and annually they produce at least 3 thousand 100 trades. Also, the city of Tver education system includes 68 municipal secondary schools. Tver also has around fifty secondary schools, a private school (lycee), and the Suvorov military school.

Religion. Tver has four functioning Russian Orthodox cathedrals, fifteen Orthodox churches, a Mormon chapel, a Catholic church, a mosque, and a synagogue.

Within Tver, as in other cities of Central Russia the main religion is Russian Orthodox Christianity. Tver is the center of Diocese of Tver and Kashin of the Russian Orthodox Church, possessing the diocesan administration and residence of the ruling bishop. Since December 4, 1988 the Archbishop of Tver and Kashin has been Metropolitan Victor (Oleynik).

White Trinity Temple in Zatmache, recently renamed Trinity Cathedral, built in 1564 and has since been repeatedly reconstructed, is the oldest surviving stone buildings Tver, it is subordinate to the ruling bishop. Ascension Cathedral, built in the 1750s, is located in the historic center of the city on Tverskaya Avenue and has the status of episcopal monastery. Preserved Assumption Cathedral 18th century pre-existing Otroch monastery is in Trans-Volga district, near the mouth of Tvertsa river. Resurrection Cathedral was built in 1912-1913, marking the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty and in the 1990s, after the return of the church received the status of the cathedral and is directly subordinate to the ruling bishop. Not far from the cathedral is the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ and the monastery, built in 1810s.

Tver’s bridges. In the city there are more than 30 bridges. According to experts bridges in the city are not enough: despite the increase in the number of transport, new bridges are not built more than 25 years, and some existing bridges or does not meet the needs of transport due to small width, or are in an emergency or reemergence condition. Five bridges connect the Volga left bank (Zavolzhskaya) with the right-bank part of the city: Migalovsky bridge Tver railway bridge Starovolzhskybridge Novovolzhsky Bridge, East Bridge.

In Zavolzhskaya part of the city, near the mouth of Tvertsa, are two of the bridge over it. The first bridge across the Tvertsa in the alignment of the street Academician Tupolev (Tveretsky Bridge) was built in 1931. Survived during the occupation of Kalinin and the fighting in 1941. Later, repeatedly reconstructed. It is used for tram traffic. The second bridge length of 172 meters and a width of 26 meters was built in 1980 in the alignment of the street Krasin [34]. Also Zavolzhskaya part there are small bridges over the river and its streams Sominku. In the city there are numerous bridges over Tmaka, including - railway bridge on the main course of the October Railway in northern gorolovine Art. Tver near the square. Proletarian, road bridges in the alignment of the street Spartacus, free lane, Revolutionary street, street Bebel and Soviet street; bridge over a small river in the alignment of Volokolamsk Azure Avenue - Smolensk lane. In addition to the bridges over the river, the city laid three travel crossing the main course of the October railway - overpass in the alignment of the St. Petersburg highway overpass in the Southern neighborhood in the alignment of Volokolamsk and October prospectus, a viaduct in the village Krupskaya Burashevskogo in the alignment of the highway.

Sights of Tver. Undoubtedly, Tver - one of the most beautiful and comfortable cities of Russia. There is a high level of tourism, many fine restaurants and, of course, other than nightclubs.

White Trinity Church is the oldest surviving churches in the city of Tver. The church was built at the expense of Moscow merchant Tushino AG and Tver merchant Lapin PD and it was consecrated in 1564. White Trinity Church in Tver belonged to the Trinity Sergius Monastery. According to legend, the name indicates that it does not pay taxes to the local bishop, then there was "white". The height of the church with the dome is 27.7 meters.

Imperial Road Palace in Tver - a monument of architecture, one of the main attractions of the city. It was built in the Baroque style in 1764-1777 gg. Project P.R. Nikitin with the participation of M.F. Kazakov on the territory of the Tver Kremlin on the site of a former bishop's house beside the Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral. Traveling Palace was originally intended for rest of the royal family and entourage from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1809 the architect KI Rossi was reconstructed Travel Palace due to the fact that the Tver became the administrative center of the three provinces (Tver, Novgorod and Yaroslavl) and the seat of the Prince of Oldenburg and the Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna in the 1809-1812 biennium.

Stepan Razin Embankment is also a valuable historical attractions. But she began to be built houses only in 1760, when it was made redevelopment of the city, which was made in connection with a fire. On the territory of the waterfront entertainment attractions are located such as the "Manor Hozinskogo" cinema "Zvezda" and the house Voroshilov shooters. It should also be noted architectural unit that survives today is almost unchanged, which can not but rejoice.

Monastery of Christ is located in Tver on the banks of the river Tmaka and first mentioned in a document in writing issued by the Abbess Euphemia Grand Prince Vasily Ivanovich. The heyday of the monastery falls on the first third of the 19th century. It was at this time was the creation of a single architectural ensemble in the best traditions of Russian classical architecture. In place of the wooden church of the Nativity in Tver in 1810 laid the stone Cathedral of Christ (project Carlo Rossi).

Monument to Afanasy Nikitin in Tver, was opened in 1955 after the great traveler from Tver, discoverer of India, author of "Journey Beyond Three Seas". Athanasius Nikitin is depicted with a safe-conduct in his hand, which gave him a great Prince of Tver Mikhail Borisovich. The monument consists of a four-meter statue of bronze, located on a granite pedestal. Established in the city of Tver on an oval platform in the form of a rook (sculptors and A.P.Zavalov S.M.Orlov, project G.A.Zaharova).

Victory Obelisk in Tver (architects – N.N. Milovidov, T.E. Saevich, sculptors – I.M. Rukavishnikov, A.N. Filippov) was opened December 16, 1970 the day of the 29th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kalinin (now Tver) from the Nazi invaders on the ground exploded in the late 1960s, the church of St. Nicholas at the zoo. The obelisk is 45.5 meters. Tver obelisk crowned rostra and flare fire bowl Victory, as well as eight console and copper plates with reliefs and texts are dedicated to the exploits of the heroes of the front and rear.

Riverport - located on an arrow, formed by the rivers Volga and Tvertsa in the place in Tver, where previously there was an ancient monastery Otroch. It was built in the years 1935-1938 (architects and E.I.Gavrilova P.P.Raysky). Riverport in Tver has an interesting volumetric composition and original decor (the building consists of a two-story rotunda, completed high belvedere with a tall spire). In Soviet times, Tver River Station has been designed for the simultaneous service of 550 passengers.

In Tver, there are many restaurants and clubs Vip-level where you can not only taste delicious cuisine, but also fun. Particular attention should be paid to the restaurant "Zhongguo", which is considered one of the best in the city.

Famous people of Tver. Mikhail Krug (Vorobiev), he was born in April 7, 1962, in the old district of the city of Tver, which was called Morozov town now has the title of "Yard Proletarka" which was written the song "My dear city." Michael graduated in Tver on 39 college Sominke by profession, an auto mechanic.

Sergei Lemeshev (Russian Soviet opera singer and opera director) he was born on June 27 (July 10), 1902 in the village of Old Knyazevo, (now - the Kalinin district, Tver’s region) into a peasant family. In 1914 he graduated from the parish school, then some time studying shoemaking in St. Petersburg. In 1918 he graduated from secondary school in Tver.

Fedor Khitruk - Russian animator, director, writer, teacher and translator. He was born on May 1, 1917 in Tver. The director of animated shorts for adults in various genres. The best known are: a satire on bureaucracy, "Man in the box" (1966), a parable about loneliness in modern society "Island" (1973), a parody of "Film, Film, Film" (1968), the parable of "The Lion and the Bull" (1984 ). The author of the three cartoons about Winnie the Pooh.

Vladimir Gardin - People's Artist of the USSR, film director, screenwriter he was born January 18, 1877 in Tver.

References

1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wik

2. http://tonkosti.ru/Достопримечательности_Твери

3. http://nesiditsa.ru/city/tver

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