IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Tula — the city in Russia, an administrative center of Tula region and the city district the city of Tula. Hero town. Tula is located in the north of Central Russian Upland, on the river bank Unitary enterprises in 180 km to the South from Moscow. City extent from the North to the south — 30 km, from the West to the east — 25 km.

The area makes 25,7 thousand km, quarter, and population – about 1,7 million persons. By the territory sizes it takes the 74th place across Russia, and on number of inhabitants – the 27th place. In Tula live less than 600 thousand persons. 23 rural areas, 21 cities, 49 settlements of city type and about 3000 rural settlements are a part of area. Tula region is located in the second time zone and time for its territories - Moscow. It borders with Kaluga, Lipetsk, Oryol, Ryazan and, the main thing, with Moscow that had huge impact on a development of the city and all area.

Development history

Tula is for the first time mentioned in the Nikonovsky chronicle of the XVI century under 1146. The XIV century this settlement became the center of craft and trade – the city, to subject Ryazan princes. And in the second half of the XV century, after defeat of hordes of Mamaya on Kulikovo field in 1380, Tula was a part of the uniform Russian state and became an important defensive barrier on the southern approaches to Moscow.

Historically developed dependence of Tula on Ryazan gives the chance to assume that the basis of Tula was conceived by specific Ryazan princes who delivered an oak jail, or the ancient settlement, in a place of a confluence of Tulitsa with the river to Unitary enterprise. There was it, allegedly, at the end of XI or at the beginning of the XII century. The settlement was intended for military guards, and also for collecting a tribute from local residents of Vyatka, whose settlements were lost in the dense woods.

The location of ancient Tula is defined by different scientists differently. There is an assumption based on national legends according to which ancient Tula was in the territory of the island the Ancient settlement on the river Unitary enterprise where the Small-arms factory now settles down, at a confluence of the river of Tulitsa with the river to Unitary enterprise, thus this version wasn't confirmed with archeological excavations.

The name "Tula" is probably closely connected with the small river Tulitsey and most likely the hidden. The first Tula ancient settlement was on the right coast Unitary enterprises, near Tulitsa's mouth. Over time also the opposite coast Unitary enterprises became populated.

In the XIII century the northeast part of the Chernigov principality which included also Tula, was captured by the Ryazan princes. During the Tatar invasion the Tula edge was on the way of advance of Tatars to Moscow therefore he was the participant of long fight of the Moscow principality against Tatars. In 1380 in southeast part of modern Tula region, between the Don Rivers and Nepryadva, there was the well-known Battle of Kulikovo.

Already at this time the Moscow princes sought to attach Tula to the possession that is visible from the contract signed in 1382 between Dmitry Donskoy and the Ryazan prince Oleg. In 1430 — 1434 Tula was possession of the grand duke Lithuanian Vitovt under the contract with the Ryazan prince Ivan Fyodorovich.

Full accession of Tula to the Moscow possession happened at Vasily II (1425 — 1462), and since then its historical development became connected with the Moscow principality.

Since the XVI century Tula began to have a great strategic importance as settled down on the southern suburb of the Moscow state, on its steppe border and near several roads on which Tatars moved. Wishing to strengthen this border, on command of the prince Vasily III, in 1509 in Tula on the left, less flooded coast Unitary enterprises, the wooden jail with a double wall and fighting towers was constructed. It settled down in the low, inconvenient kolovena, at a flood plain of the river, but the impassable marshy woods complicated access to a jail and served as its protection.

The Kremlin became the center of Tula, despite a little shifted to the northwest party of a wooden jail of location. From all travel towers and gate of the oak city through passage streets and roads reached for walls of the Kremlin. Near the Kremlin squares and city structures were located. In the Kremlin built Assumption Cathedral, houses of voivodes and the archpriest were built. In 1552 the Tula Kremlin sustained a heavy siege of the Crimean khan Devlet I Girey who brought the thirty-thousand army to Tula.

Residents reflected attack of the Crimean army before approach of troops of Ivan the Terrible. Within the XVI century Tula very strongly suffered it continuous attacks of Tatars

In the XVII century Tula became the witness to intervention in Russia. In 1605 she was captured by the False Dmitry and expected falling of Moscow here. In 1607 Tula was taken by country insurgents under Bolotnikov's leadership. Only four months later imperial troops, under Vasily Shuysky's leadership, it was succeeded to break resistance, having dammed Unitary enterprise and having flooded the Kremlin. Events of the Time of Troubles devastated and ruined the city. Within all the XVI and XVII centuries Tula represented the strengthened military camp, always ready to repulse of the enemy. The XVIII century became a new era in a development of the city. Since Peter I weapon production of Tula passed to local smiths-armorers and, first of all, to the enterprising and skillful armorer Nikita Demidovich. Later, by order of Peter I, in Tula the first gun manufactory — the state small-arms factory which formed the basis of all weapon matter in Russia is under construction. All life of the city from the old center was moved to the right coast Unitary enterprises where the main weapon production — the Kuznetsk and Weapon settlement was placed. By the beginning of the XVIII century the city was located already on both parties Unitary enterprises which course divided Tula into two main parts — city, or posadsky, and Zarechie near which there was a Chulkovsky settlement attached later to Tula which became the third city part. At this time Upy Embankment in Zarechie starts being built up. There are houses of rich armorers and temples built on their means, such as Nikola Zaretsky and Voznesensky. In the XVIII century Tula became known as the large industrial center of iron and pig-iron production. It began to be famous for art of the masters producing not only the weapon, but also exact measuring and physical devices, various mechanisms, art metal products. At the beginning of the XIX century, in the middle of war with Napoleon, value of Tula as production and weapon center increased even more. The city was the main center which provided supply of army with the weapon. Armorers diligent worked during all war of 1812.

During the subsequent Crimean war, as well as during Domestic, the Tula masters provided with the weapon the Russian army. In the XX century the highest degree of difference "Hero town" with delivery of the Order of Lenin and the medal "Gold Star" is appropriated to the city of Tula (1976) for the mass heroism and courage of his defenders shown in fight for freedom and independence of the Homeland in the Great Patriotic War.

Population

Population of Tula and all area decreases since 1970. "Echo" of Patriotic war, the population impoverishment, deterioration of a state of environment are the reasons of decrease. Today residents of Tula less than 600 thousand people though at the time of the USSR the figure close to 1 million was assumed. The share of the man's population makes 46%. Life expectancy of inhabitants of Tula decreased till 64 years. Main reasons of mortality: cardiovascular diseases – 50%, injuries, accidents – 15%, oncological diseases – 13%, diseases of respiratory organs – 6%. Population of Tula is influenced by migration – villagers and displaced persons from the CIS countries.

Economy

More than four centuries Tula was known as the center of crafts and processing of metals. Tula - the developed large industrial center. Importance in industrial structure of Tula - metallurgy, the equipment and metal with a high share of military industrial complex and food production.

Climate

Climate of Tula moderate and continental, typical for a midland of the European part of Russia. It is characterized in the warm summer with an average July temperature of 18,6 degrees, in the moderate and cold winter, the average temperature of January –10.

Economy, industry, transport

Tula - one of the oldest industrial centers of Russia. In the 17th century there was a metallurgy, in the 19th century – industrial production of the electric power, coal mining – in the 18th century, chemical industry – in the 20th century. Treat the main machine-building enterprises of Tula: JSC Tulamashzavod, JSC Tulatochmash and others. The largest steel works – JSC Tulachermet. The enterprises of light industry – JSC Chayka, shoe factory "Zarya". The food industry is presented by the Tula sugar plant, "The Tula meat-processing plant", JSC Tulaspirt, Tula Beer brewery, JSC Lakomka, JSC Yasnaya Polyana, JSC Tulsky pryanik.

Culture

A musical instrument, the Tula accordion, is named after the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian pryaniki (gingerbread), cookies made with honey and spices (Tula gingerbread). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of samovar production.

The Tula Kremlin – not simply a complex of ancient monuments. It is the medieval fortress, almost only in the territory of Russia which didn't lose the primitive shape. Nowadays in the territory of the Tula Kremlin two cathedrals – Uspensky and Bogoyavlensky which three floors are occupied by the State museum of the weapon are located.

Assumption Cathedral

Assumption Cathedral was built from a stone in the center of the Kremlin in 1628-1629 as the summer temple. Today it is of interest not only from the architectural point of view, but also from the art: among lists it is possible to find rare pictures in which Universal cathedrals and book contents "A song of songs" are represented. In 2012 restoration works on a belltower began (once it had height of 70 meters and I contained in myself 22 bells).

Epiphany Cathedral

It was constructed much later – in 1865 as memory of the soldiers who were lost in Patriotic war. In 1892 it was considered unique, after all in it for the first time carried out water heating, and then thrown out from history, having given to the order at first to aero club, and then club of athletes.

The museums – city symbols

Museum "Tula Samovars"

The museum "Tula Samovars" opened in 1990. The museum small, consists of three halls. In halls of the museum it is possible to see a copper miracle not only a form habitual to us. There are egg-shaped samovars, bowls, vases, figs, shot glasses here.

Krylov's museum

Its exposition is devoted to the honourable citizen of Tula, the national artist of the USSR Porfiry Krylov.

References

1. Афремов И. Историческое обозрение Тульской губернии. Часть 1-2, М.: Типография Готье, 1850. — 374 с.

2. Кузина М.Н., Зыкова Е.Г. Тульский кремль, Тула: Неография, 2010. - 96 с.

3. http://www.yell.ru/tula/top/muzei-planetarii/

4. http://welcometula.com/informaciya-o-tule

5. http://gid.guru/tsentralnyj-okrug/tulskaya-oblast/tula.html

Код для цитирования: Скопировать