IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Geodetic works play an important role in the complicated process of land management. To carry out the land works the plans, maps and profiles are needed. They are the result of the geodetic works. Geodetic devices and methods are used to form the land management projects. The borders of the designed land management objects (sites, fields and other objects) are moved to the area.

Firstly, to carry out the procedures for land management it is necessary to determine the location of land management object and draw up or study the plan of the given object. The design plan for land management is surely provided in reporting documentation. This plan is independent land management document [1]. All these procedures help clearly identify the location of the land plot, as well as all real estate objects located on it. Land works without geodetic part would be considered incomplete, and in some cases invalid.

Geodetic Network is a system of points on the earth’s surface, the location of each being fixed in relation to the others by means of some unified system of coordinates and altitudes above sea level on the basis of geodetic measurements. The coordinates of the geodetic points of the geodetic network are determined mainly by the method of triangulation or polygonometry. Data supplied by artificial earth satellites are also used to fix the coordinates of points of the geodetic network. The satellite is regarded as a traveling carrier of coordinates or as an intermediate point serving to transmit coordinates for great distances. The altitude points of the geodetic network are determined by leveling methods. The points of the geodetic network are secured at their location by geodetic markers. The geodetic points are the basis for the mapping of the earth’s surface and for measurements at sites in connection with various engineering surveys and economic undertakings. Geodetic works are carried out for production of the plans (maps), determination of the coordinates of the rotary points, finding the borders of the land plots, calculation of the areas and transferring the borders of the land plots on the land. Geodetic works are divided into field and cameral works. Field works are the measurements on the area. Cameral works are the calculations and creation of various cartographic materials. The horizontal and vertical angles, inclined, horizontal and vertical distances are measured on the land. Theodolites, levels, total stations, reflectors, rangefinders, tape measures, roulettes and wires are the principal instruments used for the measurements. The measurement results are put down in the registers on the special sheets or in the device memory. Simultaneously the schematic drawing is formed [2].

Calculations are made by mathematical processing of the measurement results. Tables, schedules, nomograms, various computers are applied in calculation procedures. The following geodetic data are obtained as a result of the geodetic works: flat rectangular coordinates of rotary points of the land plot borders; horizontal positions and directional corners between the adjacent rotary points; area of the land plot. Geodetic data are shown on the plan (card) of the land plot and on the plan (card) of the land plot borders. The basis for the geodesic works is topographic maps (plans) and geodesic networks. The geodesic network is subdivided into the state geodesic points. The geodesic points are fixed on territory by special geodesic signs. The geodesic network is subdivided into the state geodesic network (SGN), the special geodesic network (AGHN) and geodesic film-making networks. All these networks are divided into plan networks and high-rise networks [3]. All geodesic measurements and calculations are followed by errors, so there are no absolutely correct geodesic operations. Precision of the geodetic works depends on many factors. For example, the selected initial basis and method of measurement, the used geodesic instrument, classification of the user, weather conditions etc. Geodesic works shall be performed according to the task for their carrying out. The geodesic works shall provide the precision requirements and be economically reasonable. [4; 5; 6; 7]. Many organizations contribute information to the geodetic control network. Global geodetic networks cannot be defined to be fixed since geodynamics is continuously changing the position of all continents by 2 to 20cm per year. Therefore, modern global networks like ETRS89 or ITRF show not only coordinates of their "fixed points" but also their annual velocities. Classically, control is divided into horizontal (X-Y) and vertical (Z) controls (components of the control), however with the advent of satellite navigation systems, GPS in particular, this division is becoming obsolete.

To draw a conclusion it should be mentioned that land management procedures begin and finish by geodesic works. Nowadays new progressive technologies, modern tools, such as space shooting and geodesic satellite systems have been used

Bibliography

1. Maslov A.V., Gordeev A.V., Batrakov Yu. G. Geodesy. – M.: Colossus, 2006. – 598с.: Il. – (M31 textbooks and manuals for students of higher educational institutions);

2. Lisov A.V., Shiganov A.S.; FGOU VPO « Saratov State Agrarian University»,Saratov, 2007-147p.

3. Maslov A.V., Gorohov G.I., Ktitorov E.M., Yunusov A.G. - Geodetic works at land management. M.: Nedra, 1976, 256 p.

4. http://labexp.ru/info/351-geodezicheskie-raboty-pri-zemleustrojstve

5. http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=511166

6. Neyasova T. V., Smirnova E.V. // Automation of film-making geodetic works. www.scienceforum.ru/2016/1719/23755

7. Sosnina T.N., Smirnova E.V. //The topography of the Nizhny Novgorod region. www.scienceforum.ru/2016/1719/23642

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