IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Definition.Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. It was based upon new technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture and Beaux-Arts styles that were popular in the 19th century.

Origins and Development.The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted architects at the beginning of the 20th century:

(1) Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building;

(2) The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society;

(3) The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass;

(4) A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of (say) Romanesque, Gothic, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not obsolete.

These factors led architects to seek an honest, economical, and utilitarian style of architecture that could make use of the new building methods and materials being developed, while still satisfying aesthetic taste. Technology was a critical factor here; the new availability of cheap iron and steel, together with the discovery in the late 1880s and 1890s of the steel skeleton structure, made the traditional brick and stone building techniques obsolete. In addition, architects began using steel-reinforced concrete for floors and other secondary support elements, and fenestrating the exteriors of buildings with glass. The resulting austere and disciplined architecture was thus formed according to the principle that modern buildings should reflect a clear harmony between appearance, function, and technology.

Among diversity of styles in modern architecture the three are considered to be predominant: modernism, post-modernism, constructivism.

Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of (often new) materials, an openness to structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It has also been called International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture in America in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus. Example: Westminster Cathedral, or the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, in London is the mother church of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church in England and Wales and the seat of the Archbishop of Westminster. John Betjeman called it "a masterpiece in striped brick and stone in an intricate pattern of bonding, the domes being all-brick in order to prove that the good craftsman has no need of steel or concrete.

Post-modernism. Post-modern architecture was about inclusion and accepting what is bad and what is good and tried to mix it up. There's also a debate of where does post-modern architecture ends. The architecture that it's done today could be called "contemporary architecture", but that's just a way to place it in time. Or it could be still said that some architecture objects are done with post-modern parameters, but not with the aesthetics of the 70s. The problem start when we try to differentiate from Post-Modernism as a period in architecture, from a real way articulated thought. The first one, we could say that it was done during the 70s, but still, the arguments and postulates that Post-modernism brought can be still found in contemporary architects. Examplе: KrzywyDomek (Polish for "crooked little house") is an unusually shaped building in Sopot, Poland. KrzywyDomek was built in 2004. It is about 4,000 square meters (43,000 sqft) in size and is part of the Rezydent shopping center. It was designed by Szotyńscy&Zaleski, who were inspired by the fairytale illustrations and drawings of Jan Marcin Szancer and Per Dahlberg.

Constructivism. Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. Although it was divided into several competing factions, the movement produced many pioneering projects and finished buildings, before falling out of favour around 1932. It has left marked effects on later developments in architecture. Constructivist architecture emerged from the wider constructivist art movement, which grew out of Russian Futurism. Examplе: Melnikov House. Conceived as a repeatable experimental model, the house Konstantin Melnikov built for him and his family was long considered by the architectural environment, as an "eccentric aberration", becoming with the passing of the years into a icon Russian architecture of the early twentieth century. Experimental Melnikov House is one of the best preserved works and has become the Melnikov House Museum, an initiative that has led the restore job trying to keep as closely as possible to the original construction.

Modernism is the main style of architecture, as it was based on the latest scientific, technical and industrial progress, as well as advanced social-reformist ideas of his time.

Information sources:Frank O. Gehry, International Style of Modern Architecture [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа :

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/international-style.htm

What are the main differences of modern and post-modern architecture? [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа:

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-differences-of-modern-and-post-modern-architecture

Constructivist architecture [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_architecture

Melnikov House [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа:

https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Melnikov_House

Krzywy Domek [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzywy_Domek

Westminster Cathedral [Эл ресурс] - Режим доступа:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral

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