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In architecture, Neoclassicism (or merely classicism) signal led a return to order and rationality after the flamboyant Baroque, and the decorative frivolity of the Rococo. As a style composed of many elements, based to a varying extent on the antique forms of Greek architecture and Roman architecture, neoclassical architecture can be imitated to a greater or lesser extent. Forth is reason, buildingdesignershavecontinuedtoborrowfromGreekandRomanmodelseversincethe mid-17th century – one might even say, since the fall of Rome in the fifth century! – which makes neoclassicism the world's most popular style of building.

The earliest forms of neoclassical architecture grew up alongside the Baroque, and functioned as a sort of corrective to the latter's flamboyance. This is particularly evident in England, where examples of early neoclassicism include buildings like St Paul's Cathedral, the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, and the Royal Chelsea Hospital, all designed by Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) who is still label led as a Baroque architect. Other early English Neoclassicist architects included William Kent (1685-1748), who designed Chiswick House and the Royal Mews, Charing Cross; and Robert Adam (1728-92), who designed Syon House, Bowood House, and the Theatre Royal London. At the same time, the Renaissance architecture of the Italian Andrea Palladio (1508-80) were repopularised and a new Palladism spread throughout Europe and America. See also: Neoclassical Sculptors (1750-1850).

Used in a variety of image-related construction programs - by feudal monarchies, enlightened democracies, totalitarian regimes and worldwide empires - Neoclassicism was yet another return to the Classical Orders of Greek and Roman Antiquity on a monumental level, albeit with the retention of all the engineering advances and new materials of the modern era. It was marked by large-scale structures, supported and/or decorated by columns of Doric, Ionic or Corinthian pillars, surmounted by enlarged Renaissance-style domes. Sometimes columns were multiplied and stacked, to create an impression of height, while facades were decorated with a combination of colonnades, rotundas and porticoes.

After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.

As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.

Sources:

1.Andrew Skurman, "Contemporary Classical: The Architecture of Andrew Skurman", Princeton Architectural Press, 2012

2.Elizabeth Meredith Dowling, "New Classicism", Rizzoli, 2004

3.Jean-François Gabriel, "Classical Architecture for the Twenty-first Century", Norton, 2004

4. www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-architecture.htm

“Neoclassical Architecture (1640-1850)”

5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture

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