VIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2016

Plan:

Introduction

The situation on the Soviet-German front on the eve of the Battle of Moscow

Operation "Typhoon" (October 1941).

The first stage of the German advance on Moscow

The second phase of the German advance on Moscow

Operation "Moscow Cannes" (November 1941).

German offensive on Moscow

The failure of the German advance on Moscow

Counterattack Soviet troops near Moscow

Moscow strategic offensive operation (December 1941 - early January 1942gg.)

The general offensive of Soviet troops (January-April 1942).

Rear. Help edge

The actions of Soviet partisans in the days of the Battle of Moscow

The value of the victory of the Red Army near Moscow.

The Battle of Moscow has a special place in the history of the war of Germany against the Soviet Union. It is characterized by extreme tension, falsity and huge scale fighting. The battle for the capital of the Soviet Union lasted for more than six months and was carried out and the front length of about 2 thousand kilometers. Both sides in the battle involved more than 2.8 million. People, up to 2 thousand tanks, 21,000 artillery pieces and mortars, and more than 1.6 thousand aircraft.

The German command, accepted the enormous political and strategic importance of the capture of Moscow. September 13, 1941., In the midst of preparing attack on Moscow, Halder (Colonel General, Chief of Staff of the ground forces of Nazi Germany in 1938-1942gg.) Wrote that "if the campaign in the East will not lead during 1941. to the complete destruction of the Soviet troops ... this will include military and political influence on the overall situation: a) the possibility of the Japanese attack on Russia would be questionable ...; b) it would be impossible to prevent the post of Russia and England through Iran; c) Turkey will regard such a development situation is very unfavorable for us ... "

By the fall of 1941, the military situation of the Soviet Union was difficult and dangerous. Strategic lead by the German troops, although the main intentions of the Wehrmacht Command thwarted in the battles with the Red Army. Army Group "Center" was not able to break through to Moscow in the summer of 1941. Blocking of Leningrad and the successes achieved in the Right-Bank Ukraine, created, as we believe the German High Command, favorable conditions for the occurrence of the army group "Center" on Moscow.

Even during the training environment of Soviet troops near Kiev, September 6th, Hitler signed the directive of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW), which stated that the prerequisites for a decisive operation in the West direction, and the attack on Moscow. The general plan of the deployment of a further offensive involved the destruction of the enemy, who is in the area east of Smolensk, by double environment on the general direction of Vyazma in the presence of powerful armored forces concentrated on the flanks. On the northern sector of the Soviet-German front was planned compound army group "North" with the Finnish Army to complete the encirclement of Leningrad. Army Group "South" was to develop the offensive in the Left-Bank Ukraine, to break into the Crimea, the North Caucasus. The attack on Moscow enjoys a commanding position in the strategic plan.

September 15th Chief of the Land Forces Field Marshal W. von Brauchitsch stated at headquarters commander in chief of Army Group "Center" of Field Marshal von Bock concrete plan of attack on Moscow (codenamed "Typhoon"). It provided blows three powerful groups from areas Dukhovshchina, Roslavl and Shostka in the eastern and north-easterly direction to divide, to encircle and destroy the main forces of the Western, Reserve and Bryansk Fronts, followed by strong armored and motorized formations to reach Moscow from the north and the south, and at the same time frontal attack possess. Von Bock September 16 instructed to begin preparations for the operation "Typhoon".

To strengthen the Army Group "Center" in its structure were returned to the 2nd Army General M. Weichs and 2 Panzer Group General Guderian south-westerly direction, the case of the 3rd Panzer Group from the area Demyansk. At the end of September from the Leningrad (from the Army Group "North") was transferred 4-Panzer Group General E. Hepner. From the composition of the group of armies "South" she received two tank and two infantry and two motorized divisions. By the end of September, a group of armies "Center" consisted of three field armies (the 2nd, 4th and 9th) and three tank groups (2nd, 3rd and 4th), numbering about 75 divisions, including 14 armored and 8 motorized, ie approximately 38% and 64% of infantry tank and motorized divisions, operating on the Soviet-German front. In the group of armies "Center" had to 1800000 people, 1,700 tanks, over 14 thousand guns and mortars, about 1390 aircraft.

On the distant outskirts of Moscow held the defense forces of the three fronts: the West (commanded by Colonel General IS Konev), Reserve (Commander Marshal SM Budyonny) and Bryansk (commander Colonel-General A..I. Eremenko). All three fronts numbered about 1250000 people, nearly 1,000 tanks (of which only 140 medium and heavy), 7,600 guns and mortars, 677 aircraft (mostly obsolete structures). In general, there participated 40% of all active forces of the Soviet army.

September 27 the Supreme Command gave the troops of the Western direction Directive pass to tight defense, but the reserves and the time to organize it to the full depth at the front was not. After 3-5 days of Army Group "Center" went on the offensive on Moscow.

On September 30 Orel towards the start of the offensive 2 Panzer Group Guderian of 15 divisions, 10 of which were armored and motorized (it supports almost all the forces of the 2nd Air Fleet, dowry Army Group "Center"), and the 2nd field Weichs army, dealt a heavy blow on the left flank of the Bryansk Front. At dawn on October 2 went on the offensive the main forces of Army Group "Center". 4th Army together with to give it a 4-Panzer Group to strike at both sides of the highway Roslavl - Moscow; 3rd Panzer Army to give it some parts of the 9th Army - in the area freeway - and then to the White Hill. These groups were to close the ring at Vyazma. Soviet troops were engaged in heavy defensive battles. The enemy immediately achieved major successes. By 7 October, surrounded at Vyazma be part of the 19 th, 20 th, 24 th and 32 th, and Bryansk under the 3rd, 13th and 50th the Soviet armies. Tens of thousands of Soviet soldiers, including volunteers divisions of the national militia, died a heroic death. According to German data were taken prisoner 663000 soldiers and commanders. October 7 von Bock ordered to continue the offensive towards Moscow, but surrounded by the elimination of the Red Army continued until October 12-13.

The main overseas resistance on the approaches to Moscow was the Mozhaisk defense line, which consisted of Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk and later Kaluga fortified areas. In total on this line from "Moscow Sea" to the confluence of river. Ugra with Oka (230 km) of four Soviet armies, there were only about 90,000 people.

To improve the management of the Western and Reserve fronts were united on October 10 Stavka in Western Front under the command of Army General Zhukov. With the beginning before a minor manpower, Zhukov has managed to build a defense so that it covered the most threatened areas, leaving other participants only weak cover. German generals were unable to counter this tactic just their countermeasures.

From mid-October to early November heavy fighting going on Mozhaisk turn. Soviet forces offered stubborn resistance to selective compounds Wehrmacht and detained them at the turn of the rivers Lama, Ruza and Nara.

Heavy fighting was going on in the area of ​​Kalinin. 14 October 41st Motorized Corps captured Kalinin. October 17 on the basis of the troops of the right wing of the Western Front (22 th, 29 th, 30 th and 31 th Army) was created by the Kalinin Front (commanded by Colonel General Konev). Attempts to attack the enemy from the rear of Kalinin in the North-Western Front had been eliminated. The onset of the 2nd Panzer Army in the direction of Tula in late October - early November, also was halted operations reserves the Supreme Command, the 50th Army and the workers of Tula. Upon reaching the outskirts of Tula, Serpukhov, taking Naro-Fominsk, Volokolamsk, Kalinin, German connections were forced to stop. The remaining combat-ready units and formations of the Red Army, as well as fresh divisions transferred from the eastern regions of the country, stubbornly defending every defensive position. "Remembering those days - wrote Rokossovsky - I imagine his mind the image of our 16th Army. Exhausted and bleeding from numerous wounds, she clung to every inch of his native land, giving the enemy a fierce resistance; moving away a step, she was again ready to fight back, and she did, weakening the power of the enemy. "

Soviet troops began to receive, although still insufficient, a new technique (T-34 tanks, rocket launchers "Katyusha"), which has shaken the confidence of the German commanders in the absolute superiority of the Wehrmacht. Also affected, and changing weather conditions. The German troops were unprepared for the successful operation of slush and at low temperatures. Plan of Operation "Typhoon" was not executed.

However, the German command did not abandon the capture of Moscow. It was prepared a new operation codenamed "Moscow Cannes", which implies a double encirclement of the capital of the Soviet Union. German command brought reinforcements (10 divisions) and made regrouping on that he took a two-week pause. The troops were replenished enemy tanks and artillery. Moscow was aimed at 51 Division, including 13tankovyh and 4 motorized. Numerical superiority was on the side of German forces they had here almost 2 times more soldiers and officers, and 2.5 times more artillery, 1.5 times more tanks, although the Soviet air force 1.5 times the German.

Stavka strengthened Western Front reserves and replenishment. In the first half of November, the Western Front was 100,000 people, 300 tanks, 2000 guns. November 10 Bryansk Front was disbanded, his 50th Army was transferred to the Western Front, the 3rd and the 13th Army - South-Western Front. On November 17 at the Western Front became the 30th Army of the Kalinin Front.

In terms of superiority of German forces against the Soviet Red Army stood before the challenge. The enemy approached Moscow in a number of places by 60 km, and its breakthrough tanks could be extremely dangerous in any operating area. Army Reserve is not enough, the Soviet front did not have sufficient reserves, and they had to repel a powerful enemy attack, to defend Moscow, their position to gain time until the arrival of the crucial provisions.

15-18 November started a new offensive of the army group "Center". Major strikes in the direction of the wedge, Rogachev - bypassing Moscow to the north and to Tula, Kashira - bypassing Moscow from the south. Heavy fighting ensued. German troops moved forward. November 22 tanks entered the general G.Gota Wedge, two days later the division of General Rokossovsky had to leave Istria and 28 November vanguards 7th Panzer Division the enemy came to Moscow-Volga Canal, near Yakhroma, crossed the river. r.Nara north and south of Naro-Fominsk, Kashira approached from the south. Then the German troops move failed.

November 27 in the area of ​​Kashira and 29 November north of Moscow, Soviet troops counterattacked on the southern and northern groups of Germans. December 3-5 1st Shock, 16 th and 20 th Army counterattacked the German troops in areas Yakhromy, Krasnaya Polyana and the hook. In those days the troops 33th Army with the assistance of the forces 43rd Army defeated troops had broken through the enemy, and they threw the remains of r.Nara. 50th Army, reinforced by 1 Guards Cavalry Corps repulsed the attack of the German troops north of Tula. Army Group "Center" was not able to break through to Moscow on any of the sectors of the front. From November 16 to December 5 in the second phase of the offensive on Moscow the Germans lost over 153,000 killed, wounded and frostbitten. During battles in the distant and near approaches to Moscow were prepared conditions for the transition to the offensive of the Soviet troops and the enemy's defeat near Moscow. But it was achieved at the cost of great sacrifice. From September 30 to December 5, only the irrecoverable losses amounted to 514 338 people.

Even during the German offensive on Moscow the Soviet Supreme Command began preparing a counter-offensive. The main task in the counteroffensive was assigned to the Western Front, which gave the rate from its reserves 1st shock, 10th and 20th Army. North and south of the attacked troops of the Kalinin and Southwestern Front (commanded by Marshal SK Timoshenko, on December 18, 1941, Lieutenant-General F.Ya.Kostenko) fronts.

Soviet troops moved into the offensive in an environment where the numerical superiority in men, tanks and artillery were still on the side of the enemy. By December 1, 1941, Army Group "Center" along with the air force consisted of 1.708 million people, about 13,500 guns and mortars, 1170 tanks and 615 aircraft Soviet fronts, cover Moscow, we had a total of about 1.1 million people, 7652 guns and mortars, tank 774 (including 222 medium and heavy), and 1,000 planes. This advantage of the Soviet troops in aviation was reinforced by the fact that with the approach of the front lines to Moscow in the fight with the enemy is actively involved and metropolitan air defense. United Air Force air defense fronts of the Moscow Military District and the long-range aircraft gained air superiority.

German intelligence failed to timely detect the concentration of a large force of Soviet troops intended to counter-attack. Army Group "Center" until the last day believed that Soviet troops were exhausted and have no reserves. It was taken by surprise.

The counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow began on December 5-6, 1941. without any operational pause. It developed as later noted Marshal Zhukov, as a continuation of a series of counter-attacks of the Western Army, Kalinin and Bryansk fronts.

December 5 troops of the Kalinin Front launched an offensive and penetrated the front line of defense. The next day the offensive began active forces of the Western Front, which attacked the enemy north and south of the capital. In the area of ​​Yelets counterattacked the right wing of the Southwestern Front. December 8th German High Command ordered its troops on the eastern front on the defensive, but they were forced to retreat under the blows of the advancing Red Army; Army Group "Center" be aware that it is impossible to keep all the milestones that have been achieved in the course of the offensive, was aware of the need to escape in order to avoid even greater losses. But it resolutely prevented Hitler. December 7 von Brauchitsch tendered his resignation, Hitler took command of the German Army in their hands. December 16, he issued an order "to keep the front to the last man." When General Hoepner pulled back his right flank of Panzer Group, he was removed from his post. The German troops tried to resist, but was overturned by the advancing Red Army. During the ten days of fighting, they were driven back to their original positions of the November offensive.

The first stage of the Soviet counterattack near Moscow (Moscow strategic offensive operation) to the beginning of January 1942 was successfully completed. Army Group "Center" was dropped from the Soviet capital on 100-250 km, and Soviet troops covered fronts from the north, east and south. Exempted were Moscow and Tula regions, large cities Kalinin and Kaluga, some areas of other regions.

In January - March 1942, the Red Army launched a general offensive on the most important strategic directions.

Bet decided to develop an offensive on three strategic directions. The troops of the Leningrad, Volkhov and the right wing of the North-Western Front were under the auspices of the Baltic Fleet to crush the main forces of Army Group "North" and the release of the blockade of Leningrad. Kalinin and Western fronts, causing the brunt, should, in cooperation with the adjacent armies of the North-Western and Bryansk fronts to encircle and destroy the main forces of Army Group "Center". Southern and South-Western Fronts were ordered to defeat Army Group "South" and liberate Donbass. Caucasian Front and the Black Sea Fleet were ordered to expel the enemy from the Crimea.

To achieve these objectives much needed to fill the Soviet troops. By January 1, 1942 the balance of forces on the Soviet-German front was almost equal. The Red Army did not have a significant edge in the direction of the planned offensive, forces and resources were relatively evenly distributed along the whole front. On the westbound side had the same number of infantry and artillery, tanks, and only Soviet forces outnumbered the enemy by 1.3 times.

The most fierce battles were in the western direction. In January - April 1942, the Army of the Kalinin and Western fronts with the support of the left wing of the Northwest and the right wing of the Bryansk fronts were offensive to rout the Army Group "Center". In the Western Front were involved and airborne troops.

With a huge effort, 3rd and 4th Shock Army of the North-Western Front, in cooperation with the troops of the Kalinin Front drove the enemy to the city of the great Luke, Vitebsk, Velizh, Demidov and in-depth coverage from the northwest army group "Center".

Troops of the right wing of the Western Front in mid-January broke through German defenses at the turn of the rivers Lama and Ruza. Developing the offensive in the direction of perforation and Gzhatsk, they advanced to 50-70 km. In the area of ​​Pogoreloye Gorodishche and on the approaches to Gzhatsk German troops offered stubborn resistance organized, which could not be overcome.

At the direction of the Vitebsk Soviet troops advanced 250 km, Gzhatsk and Yukhnov -on 80-100 km. 10, 16 and 61 armies, breaking towards Roslavl about 150 km, reached the line Mosalsk, Kirov, Lyudinovo, Belev and intercepted railway line Vyazma- Bryansk.

Going round the north and west of the left wing of the Army Group "Center", Soviet troops threatened the rear of its major powers and violated their interaction with a group of armies "North". The German command urgently redeployed to strengthen the Army Group "Center" 12 infantry divisions and two brigades guarding. This enabled him to stop the advance of the Soviet troops in the direction of Vyazma, and in some areas even oust them. The fighting dragged on. They continued with varying success until the end of April.

Thus, the troops of the Western and Kalinin Fronts could not liberate Rzhev, Gzhatsk and Vyazma and encircle the main forces of Army Group "Center". Nevertheless, the German troops were in a difficult position. In their rear (in a large area south of Vyazma and to the Warsaw highway and north of the Rzhev to Vyazma) acted considerable force Western and Kalinin fronts and guerrillas. About 29 German divisions appeared in the half-encircled areas venison, Rzhev, Sychevka and Yukhnov.

As a result of the offensive in the west direction it was defeated 16 divisions and one brigade of the enemy. According to data cited fascist General Blumentritt, 4th Army only for January - March 1942 lost 97,000 soldiers and officers, ie almost half of its members. Another great loss suffered 9th Army.

So, in the course of a general offensive in the winter of 1941-42, the Red Army inflicted significant losses, but was not completely destroyed, none of its main groups. Operations carried out to this end, it was not possible to complete. The simultaneous attack on all major areas led to the dispersal of strategic reserves.

Still, the results of the offensive of the Red Army in the winter of 1941/42, which was attended by nine of the fronts with the active support of three fleets had great political and strategic importance. Within four months of the Soviet troops threw the German troops 150-400 km. Were freed Moscow, Tula and Ryazan region, many areas of Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, Orel, Kursk, Kharkov, Donetsk region and the Kerch Peninsula. The total area of ​​the liberated areas was 150 thousand sq. M. km. During the offensive, the Red Army routed 50 enemy divisions. Only the German Army lost during this time on the Soviet-German front, 832,550 soldiers and officers.

In defense of Moscow got the whole country. From its depths: from the Urals and Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia - go train with the reserves, technique. Increasingly unfolded forming new units and formations.

The first ominous message to the suburban edges of all workers mobilized capital. Hundreds of thousands of Muscovites and residents of the region to take the division of the national militia fighter units, built fortifications.

Already in the first months of the war it was formed 12 divisions of the national militia, in which voluntarily joined workers, engineers, scientists, teachers, artists.

In addition to these divisions, in Moscow it was founded 63 assault battalions, the total number of which exceeded 15,000. They nullified the action of German saboteurs and parachutists, ensuring the safety of the rear of the Red Army, the smooth operation of enterprises, prevent the spread of German flyers, false rumors among the population. As you approach the front destroyer battalions made contact with the Red Army, carried out the orders of the military command, they poured into the existing parts or passed into the hands of guerrilla groups.

Unfit for combat people (mostly women and children) were busy building fortifications on the approaches to Moscow.

July 16 the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the construction of the Mozhaisk defense line in 120-130km from Moscow. On the construction of the line were employed 83,000 people. October 6 Bet gave an order to bring this area of ​​defense, the chief foreign troops of the Western Front in combat readiness.

October 12 decision of the GKO construction began on the Moscow Defense Zone. 450,000 volunteers took to the construction of fortifications. Also in the capital built three lines of defense: the ring rail, the Garden Ring and the Moscow River. On the streets of Moscow digging anti-tank ditches and scarps, erect barricades were installed metal hedgehogs and barbed wire, the windows of many houses were laid sandbags and transformed into loopholes.

The correspondent of the British newspaper «News of World», Moscow and Muscovites watched in those days, wrote: "All able-bodied men and women are involved in the final preparation of defense. This spirit and these preparations make up the difference between Moscow and Paris in October 1941 in June of last year. I can not hear any voices on the announcement of the capital city of the open ... "

Muscovites and residents of suburbs and joined the struggle against the "Luftwaffe". In Moscow, Kashira, Kolomna Noginsk, Orekhovo, Balashikha, Mytishchi were established team of local defense.

A great contribution to the victory brought the company near Moscow. Factory "proletarian victory" Mytishchi district produced daily warm clothing for the 6000 fighters, the factory "Viscose" produced soap for the Western Front. On the areas evacuated enterprises of Moscow region there were more than 20 specialized facilities for the production of artillery and small arms. 11 plants manufactured housing suburbs hand grenades.

For the production of weapons, uniforms and military and engineering equipment were mobilized 59 industrial plants and 375 artisanal co-operatives.

In Kolomna, Serpukhov, Podolsk, Kuntsevo, Khimki, Zagorsk, Mytishchi Noginsk, Orekhovo-established repair of military equipment and weapons. In Kolomna repaired tanks, Serpukhov - aircraft and artillery. Podolsk produced anti-tank grenades, mortar boards, armored sled armored covers.

Residents of Moscow Region have shown great care for the wounded. In the Moscow region, and there were more than 200 hospitals, which were treated 330,000 people. The Patriots were looking for and equipped premises, sewed mattresses, pillows, installed equipment for the wounded collected dishes, linens and other necessities.

The wide scope of purchased donor movement. From September 1941 to January 1942, donors have 20,000 residents of the Moscow region. Some donated blood 10 times or more.

2500 women were on duty near Moscow railway stations, trains met with the wounded, assisted in the unloading and delivery of the wounded to hospitals, beds were on duty at the seriously wounded. Chiefs arranged for concerts of amateur fighters, solemnly escorted to the front convalescent.

Residents of Moscow Region took care of war veterans and - collected warm clothes, sent gifts. In autumn 1941 women in and around Moscow transferred to the assembly points of 75,000 pairs of warm socks, 80,000 pairs of gloves, they have repaired 80,000 different things, sent 502,000 parcels and gifts.

Invaluable assistance provided front schoolchildren: they worked in manufacturing often as adults, contributed to the guerrillas. Pioneers organized a fundraiser for the construction of tank "Tanya", and then the whole tank column "of Moscow pioneer."

During the Soviet counter-offensive inhabitants of the liberated areas of all the forces supporting and advancing units of the Red Army. Continued replenishment of the divisions of the national militia .. Over many military units carried out by the sponsorship areas, rural councils, schools, businesses. Continued reevacuation enterprises that manufacture weapons, ammunition, food, clothing. On the battlefields chosen lined tanks, artillery, vehicles, motorcycles, repaired in a short time and went to the front. Everywhere continued fundraising to the defense fund.

In the occupied territories near Moscow launched a powerful guerrilla movement. Back in July 1941. in Moscow was set up regional headquarters for the management of underground and partisan movement, which was in force until January 1941. To guide the guerrillas were also created 12 okruzhkomov Party, 4 of which are operated in the occupied territories. Each district was created 2-3 partisan detachment of 40-50 people each. Total at the time of the invasion of the Germans in their rear was formed 41 guerrilla unit. In addition, in the Moscow region operated 377 subversive groups. The total number of units and groups of 15,000 people.

Partisan headquarters of the Moscow region all its activities coordinated with the leadership of the Western Front. Commanders of military units established contacts with groups, they instructed them, they helped themselves to seek help. So, on the night of November 20, 1921. At the request of General I.V.Panfilova, Stanovischensky bridge was blown up, and to restore German took 4 days. Or partisan group Novo-Petrovsky district cut all communication lines, connecting the headquarters of a German division, located in the village of Nudol, with shelves. The Germans managed to establish contact, only dispatched a platoon of soldiers with machine guns, but after a few days of the communication line was damaged again.

The guerrillas and destroy enemy forces. One of the largest such operations was Ugodsko-Factory, held the combined forces of 4 units. Guerrillas blew up several buildings, eliminated the headquarters of the German housing 600 soldiers and officers seized documents. Total suburbs guerrillas killed 17,000 German soldiers and officers, blew up the warehouse and 34 base 5 trains with equipment and ammunition, 35 bridges.

Throughout the battle for Moscow guerrillas handed headquarters of the Soviet troops the intelligence on which Soviet troops eliminated groups of enemy forces.

Many guerrilla groups provided assistance to military units of the Red Army was encircled. They have helped to save about 30,000 Soviet soldiers.

Such activities guerrillas forced the enemy to take to deal with them troops from the front because of the lack of enforcement divisions.

Guerrillas have informed residents of the occupied regions of what is happening in the country, the situation at the front, producing and distributing leaflets patriotic content.

Helped the guerrillas and restore Soviet power, to establish facilities in the conquered territories.

The victory of the Red Army near Moscow was of great military-political and international significance. She had a great influence on the entire course of the Great Patriotic War and World War II.

During the Soviet counter-offensive at Moscow Army Group "Center" was dealt a powerful blow. "The German army - shows the German General Westphal, - previously considered invincible, was on the brink of destruction."

Fascist Germany for the first time during World War II suffered a serious defeat. Moscow Strikes Back denounced before the world the myth of the "invincibility" of the Wehrmacht, changed the morale of the German army, shaken her faith in winning the war.

Conversely, the major successes achieved by the Soviet people in the winter 1941 / 1942gg. near Moscow, raised even higher the morale of the Red Army, the morale of its soldiers, strengthened the faith of the Soviet people to the victory over the invaders, inspired new efforts to help the front.

The victory at Moscow strengthened the prestige of the Soviet Union throughout the world. The ability of the Soviet state to defeat Nazi Germany were forced to admit as allies to fight the German aggression and the enemies of the Soviet Union. The successes of the Soviet armed forces outside Moscow and had an impact on the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition has accelerated the formation of the coalition, which began to enter the previously neutral countries; US aid to the Soviet Union and Britain became effective. The defeat of Nazi troops in the fields near Moscow led the reactionary governments of Japan and Turkey to postpone the planned attack on the Soviet Union to better times.

The victory of the Red Army in the winter 1941 / 1942gg. radically changed the situation on the Soviet-German front: is now the strategic initiative belonged to Soviet troops. Finally collapsed plan "Barbarossa", collapsed and its foundation - the theory of "blitzkrieg", which had success in Europe. This is the first major defeat of Germany in World War II led to a change in the nature of warfare. The war has acquired a protracted nature, which sought to avoid the German command. Beginning of a long, exhausting war, hopeless for Nazi Germany.

The victory of the Soviet army in the Battle of Moscow marked the beginning of a radical turn in the Great Patriotic War and in the Second World War, became the basis for the future of the Great Victory of the Soviet people over Germany. German Vice-Admiral K.Assman admitted: "The turning point in the war occurred on the battlefield near Moscow. Here at the end of 1941. was first broken by the offensive power of the German armed forces, faced with an impossible task for them. "

German generals later tried to blame for the failure of the first strategic plans on the eastern front to assign to Hitler and Russian winter. Needless to say, the winter 1941 / 1942gg. He stood out harsh, but this was for both sides. And, of course, not 40 degrees of frost, and the greatest offensive spirit, the dedication of the Soviet people were the main reasons for the defeat of the German army. "More than a million discarded group of Nazi troops - wrote Marshal Zhukov - broke the iron fortitude, courage and heroism of Soviet troops, which was behind their people, capital, Motherland."

Bibliography:

1. One hundred great battles / Ed. prof. A.N.Myachina. - Moscow: Veche, 2000 - 640c.

2. Constellation Moscow meridian. Moscow - Moscow 850: Illustrated encyclopaedic collection / Ed. V.G.Krasnenkova, V.F.Samoylenko, N.P.Volkovoy. - Moscow: Russian Niva, 1997 - 380S.

3. The Soviet encyclopaedic dictionary / Ed. Prokhorov. - 2nd ed. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983 - 1600s.

4. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945: A Brief History / Ed. B.S.Telpuhovskogo. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1984. - 560c.

Код для цитирования: Скопировать