VII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2015

The object of our research is communicative phraseological units in modern English which have their proverbial prototype and gather under the umbrella term FRIENDSHIP [1, p. 7; 2, p. 240].

The subject of the research is the semantic segmentation of the phraseological field formed by the communicative phraseological units under study [3, p. 341].

The theoretical base of the analysis is the phraseological theory initiated by Alexander V. Kunin and his method of phraseologiical identification which was put forward half a century ago and is still one of the most effective and reliable methods in the field of phraseological studies [4; 5].

The review of the linguistic papers on the urgent problems of phraseology contributes to the fact that not every researcher accepts the phraseological status of proverbial units. Some phraseologists are of the opinion that proverbs differ from phraseological units semantically, i.e. the semantic basis of the idiom is a notion while the semantic basis of the proverb is a statement [6, p. 15-16]. Some philologists maintain that proverbs have little to do with phraseology and must be studied within the frames of folklore because they are first and foremost paremiological units [7, p. 4].

The other point of view on the linguistic status of proverbs is quite the opposite: proverbs are included into the bulk of phraseology and are considered to be communicative phraseological units. Such ideas are found in the books and papers by Alexander V. Kunin, Chitra Fernando and many other contemporary linguist specializing on phraseology [8, p. 204; 9, p. 99; 10, p. 44].

Doing analysis, we follow those philologists who maintain the idea that proverbs should be studied from different points of view: both as linguistic units and as paremiological ones [11, p. 206]. We are for the development of Alexander V. Kunin's idea that phraseology includes proverbs into its volume.

By means of phraseological analysis we find out the following semantic segments in the field under the study:

Segment A. True friendship: A friend is another self; Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends; Perfect friendship cannot be without equality; A good friend never offends; A true friend is the best possession; They are rich who have true friends; No physician like a true friend; He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs; A friend is never known till a man have need; Prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them; Friends are made in wine and proved in tears; At marriages and funerals, friends are discerned from kinsfolk; Real friendship does not freeze in winter; A good friend is my nearest relation; Among friends all things are common; A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Segment B. Value of friendship: It's merry when friends meet; One enemy is too many; and a hundred friends too few; One God, no more, but friends good store; Friends tie their purse with a cobweb thread; If friends have faith in each other, life and death are of no consequence; A friend in court is better than a penny in purse; Better lose a jest than a friend; A friend in the market is better than money in the chest; Life without a friend, is death without a witness; It is good to have some friends both in heaven and hell; He quits his place well that leaves his friend there.

Segment C. Choosing friends: Try your friend before you trust; Have but few friends, though many acquaintances; Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with him; Trust not a new friend nor an old enemy; Sudden friendship, sure repentance; Prove your friend ere you have need; Books and friends should be few but good; Go down the ladder when you marry a wife; go up when you choose a friend; Select your friend with a silk-gloved hand and hold him with an iron gauntlet.

Segment D. Maintaining friendship: Make not thy friend thy foe; When a friend asks, there is no tomorrow; Love your friend with his fault; Friendship cannot stand always on one side; A hedge between keeps friendship green; Have patience with a friend rather than lose him forever; Little intermeddling makes good friends; Treat a friend as if he might become a foe; Have patience with a friend rather than lose him forever; Friendship is a plant which must be often watered; Speak well of your friend, of your enemy say nothing; Friendship increases in visiting friends, but in visiting them seldom.

Segment E. Disloyalty of friends: Poverty parts fellowship; Poor folks' friends soon desert them; Fresh fish and poor friends become soon ill savoured; Dead men have no friends; When good cheer is lacking, our friends will be packing; Love your friend, but look to yourself; Misfortune makes foes of friends; Penny in purse will bid me drink, when all the friends I have will not; He that ceases to be a friend, never was a good one; Tell nothing to thy friend that thine enemy may not know; Whensoever you see your friend, trust to yourself; Remember man and keep in mind, a faithful friend is hard to find; In time of prosperity, friends will be plenty; in time of adversity, not one amongst twenty.

Segment F. Falseness of friends: There is falsehood in fellowship; Rich folk have many friends; The rich knows not who is his friend; He that has a full purse never wanted a friend; All are not friends that speak us fair; A false friend and a shadow attend only while the sun shines; When two friends have a common purse, one sings and the other weeps.

Segment G. Danger of friends: Friends are thieves of time; A reconciled friend is a double enemy; Better an open enemy than a false friend; Hatred with friends is succour to foes; It is better to be stung by a nettle than pricked by a rose; God defend me from my friends; from my enemies I can defend myself.

Segment H. Losing friends: A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound; One may mend a torn friendship but it soon falls in tatters; Fall not out with a friend for a trifle; A friend is not so soon gotten as lost; Lend your money and lose your friend; When love puts in, friendship is gone.

Segment I. Worthless friends: A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody; His own enemy is no one's friend; Trencher friends are seldom good neighbours.

Segment J. Value of old friends: Old acquaintance will soon be remembered; Friendship, the older it grows, the stronger it is; The best mirror is an old friend; Old friends and old wine and old gold are best; Old fish, old oil, and an old friend are the best.

So, the quantitative and semantic analysis allow to distribute the phraseological units under study into the following ten segments: (A) True friendship, (B) Value of friendship, (C) Choosing friends, (D) Maintaining friendship, (E) Disloyalty of friends, (F) Falseness of friends, (G) Danger of friends, (H) Losing friends, (I) Worthless friends, (J) Value of old friends.

The perspective of the research is seen in the contextual analysis of the communicative phraseological units and in the ways of usage their clippings in modern English fiction [12] and media.

References

1. Кунин A.B. Предисловие. Введение к Англо-русскому фразеологическому словарю / Лит. ред. М.Д. Литвинова. – 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Рус. яз. – 1984. – С. 5-19.

2. Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка: Опыт систематизированного описания. – Москва: Издательство «Международные отношения», 1972. – 288 с.

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5. Кунин A.B. Соотнесенность фразеологических единиц со словами, переменными словосочетаниями и переменными предложениями: Учеб.-метод. задание по английской фразеологии. Сб. № 3. – М.: Моск. гос. пед. ин-т иностр. яз. им. М. Тореза, 1972. – 30 с.

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7. Мокиенко В.М. Предисловие // Большой англо-русский словарь / В.М. Мокиенко, Т.Г. Никитина, Е.К. Николаева. – М.: ЗАО «ОЛМА Медиа Групп», 2010. – 1024 с.

8. Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология: Теоретический курс. – М.: Высш. шк., 1970. – 344 с.

9. Кунин А.В. Асимметрия в сфере фразеологии // Вопросы языкознания. – М., 1988. – № 3. – С. 98-107.

10. Fernando Ch. Idioms and Idiomaticity. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. – 265 p.

11. Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология: Теоретический курс. – М.: Высш. шк., 1970. – 344 с.

12. Fedulenkova T. A new approach to the clipping of communicative phraseological units // Ranam: European Society for the Study of English: ESSE 6 – Strasbourg 2002 / Ed. P. Frath & M. Rissanen. – Strasbourg: Université Marc Bloch, 2003. – Vol. 36. – P. 11-22.

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