VI Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2014

Population structure is the distribution of people, forming the population into groups according to the values of a particular trait.

The distribution structure of persons by gender and age is necessary to study the demographic and socio-economic processes. Choice of the topic is due to the necessity of research and analysis of socio-economic processes, since this area of life in modern Russia has many problem sand shortcomings. Age and gender structure of population is the distribution of population by age group separately for men and women.

Age structure is one of the most important structures. Age structure is described by the groups and relative indicators.

Most often it is based on study of distinguished age groups annually and every five-year period, but depending on the purpose of analysis, there are other groups.

Table 1. POPULATION BY AGE GROUPS ¹⁾

	Thou. persons			Percent of total			Females per 1000 males of corresponding age
	2002	2011	2012	2002	2011	2012	2002	2011	2012
Total population	145167	142865	143056	100	100	100	1147	1163	1162
of which by age of, years:
0-4	6399	8051	8380	4.4	5.6	5.9	953	951	950
5-9	6941	7117	7261	4.8	5.0	5.1	956	954	954
10-14	10407	6601	6567	7.2	4.6	4.6	959	952	952
15-19	12800	8237	7631	8.8	5.8	5.3	968	961	959
20-24	11466	12122	11599	7.9	8.5	8.1	983	972	967
25-29	10613	12012	12328	7.3	8.4	8.6	997	993	989
30-34	9835	11016	11116	6.8	7.7	7.8	1001	1020	1014
35-39	10217	10211	10380	7.0	7.1	7.3	1033	1046	1048
40-44	12547	9251	9340	8.6	6.5	6.5	1062	1065	1060
45-49	11606	10561	10023	8.0	7.4	7.0	1113	1117	1115
50-54	10072	11509	11560	6.9	8.1	8.1	1170	1187	1180
55-59	5347	10063	10215	3.7	7.0	7.1	1260	1304	1302
60-64	7983	7982	8380	5.5	5.6	5.9	1456	1417	1419
65-69	6345	3913	3896	4.4	2.7	2.7	1596	1678	1622
70 and over	12469	14219	14380	8.6	10.0	10.0	2477	2373	2379
age not specified	120	-	-	0.1	-	-	986	-	-
Out of total population:
under working age	26327	23209	23568	18.1	16.2	16.5	957	953	952
working age 2)	88942	87847	87055	61.3	61.5	60.8	985	944	939
over working age	29778	31809	32433	20.5	22.3	22.7	2209	2543	2523

¹⁾ Data is given: for 2002 – according to the population census as of October 9 ; for 2011, 2012 –as of January 1 .

An annual group is a group people of same age or same year of birth. Distribution of people on one-year age group offers the best opportunity to analyze the status and changes in age structure. However, data on age structure in the annual group is exposed to distorting the phenomenon of accumulation of age. Many people do not give much importance to the accuracy of the mention of his or her age, and in the past, many did not know his or her exact age, so pointing it at the census approximately, with rounding.

The analysis of the age and gender composition also uses a graphical method. In the latter most often used the age-gender pyramid is a graphical image of the distribution of population by age and gender. Usually, a pyramid is built on a one-year or five-year age groups.

Age and gender pyramid is a diagram in which the number (or proportion of the population) of people of all ages represents horizontal bar of a certain size. Ordinate cause age groups, on the horizontal axis are the number or proportion of the population of corresponding age.

On the vertical axis scale of the band lay in two directions: left to men, right for women. The features and age-gender pyramid, ledges, or deformation of its segments can be judged on the impact of the processes of fertility and mortality on the age structure of the population for many decades, as well as future trends in population reproduction and the possible prospects of changing its size.

The modern age and gender pyramid of the population in Russia was formed under the influence of two groups of factors: the evolutionary changes as a consequence of regular decrease mortality and fertility during the demographic transition; and the swing of impacts associated with economic and social upheavals, which was so rich in history of Russia in the twentieth century.

If such effects do not swing it, the contour of the pyramid would change gradually, reflecting the typical period of demographic transition, population aging: the base of the pyramid would become more narrow; its upper part would be increasingly larger, the ratio of male and female parts of the pyramid would not be undergoing large changes, and its edges would remain smooth.

Picture 1 Age and gender structure of population as of January 1, 2012 г.

It is true that in Russia, unfortunately, exists a very high male "super mortality" in the working ages. Nevertheless, the interpretation of the huge "female superiority" as a consequence of political and economic reforms 90 years has nothing to do with reality. Over the last decade, the gender ratio in the population of Russia was neither worse nor better.

The main reason for Russia's "female superiority" is World War II and the associated huge loss of male population. Naturally, since the war is in the past, the gender ratio is equalized.

Thus, improvement of gender ratio in older age is a clear indication that the influence of social upheaval and, above all, the wars in this relation loses its meaning. In the middle ages as an adverse relationship - no doubt a consequence of the excess mortality of men in peacetime. However, it is this ratio over the past ten years has not changed or changed only slightly (a little worse in rural areas), which once again points to the compensatory nature of the dynamics of mortality in this period.

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